The Matrix And Karl Marxs Allegory Of The Cave - 1631 Words

For thousands of years man has tried to determine what is fact and what is fiction in the world. The Matrix movie conveys what man has been trying to do in a cinematic masterpiece. The creator’s main influences to making The Matrix were Karl Marx and Plato’s Allegory of the Cave (Who Inspired). Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto tries to highlight the social inequalities that have occurred during the industrial revolution between man and machine while Plato’s Allegory of the Cave tries to help inform people that they need to become more self-aware of their oppressors. The film The Matrix combines these two ideas into one experience. The Matrix is a science fiction movie created in 1999 by Andy and Larry Wachowski, now known as Lily and Lana†¦show more content†¦These forms of media range vastly, from the arts to religion. Society only sees this and does not see the base, which is the true perception that determines the superstructure. When Neo and Morpheus go on their journey it pulls back the curtain to show the reality of society. â€Å"Machines enslave humans and use them as a commodity. The matrix is the embodiment of realities super structure.† (McDonnell) The machines promote an ideology of reality to keep the humans from rebelling. Using Marx perspective in the matrix, he says that people are living their normal lives in a capitalist society and not realizing that capitalism is restricting people of their true potential. The film says people need to understand the truth of the world and make their own personal decision on how they feel about the world. Morpheus says, â€Å"I told you I ca n only show you the door, you have to walk through it† (00:53:25). After he says that, Neo then decides to walk through the door. The entire plot of the matrix is base and superstructure of capitalist society by showing the struggle of the workers and the owners of production. The Wachowski’s display this by making humans slaves to the machines so that they can function. Humans are the base in this society. The machines are the upper class and humanity is the lower working-class commodity. The humans’ commodity is the heat that they produce. The superstructure is the media and art of the upper

Essay about Modernism Hills Like White Elephants, by...

The art, literature, and poetry of the early 20th century called for a disruption of social values. Modernism became the vague term to describe the shift. The characteristics of the term Modernism, all seek to free the restricted human spirit. It had no trust in the moral conventions and codes of the past. One of the examples of modernism, that breaks the conventions and traditions of literature prior to Modernism, is Ernest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†. The short story uses plot, symbolism, setting, dialogue, and a new style of writing to allow human spirit to experiment with meaning and interpretation. Some of the characteristics of Modernism are: a desire to break conventions and established traditions, reject†¦show more content†¦Therefore there is no way knowing, only interpretation. In â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Hemingway exceeds the boundaries of literature. He provides no clear resolution or climax. The reader becomes unaware of the narrator, only knowing what is said or described within the bare minimum of context. The short story seemingly only makes sense after multiple reads and in conversation with other readers. Each time leads to further interpretation. Its illusion is a simplistic dialogue that Hemingway exhibits. But, the subject upon closer observation is far more complex than just physical appearances. The individual is capable of inner turmoil under the scrutiny of simple actions. The plot focuses on crossing boundaries. The two characters, The American and a woman nicknamed â€Å"Jig†, are constantly wavering middle grounds. It’s a story about communication and conversation. Though they are having a conversation the couple is not communicating. The story implements ambiguity and subtlety to discuss, though never clearly stated, an abortion. The couple arrives at a train station in Madrid. It is assumed only passing through, they decide to have a drink while they wait for the next train. The woman mentions the hills resembling white elephants and notices the infertile barren land in comparison to the green hills in the valley on the other side of the tracks. There is little conversation till the American man hints on an operation. There isShow MoreRelatedTechniques and Concerns of Modernism1482 Words   |  6 PagesDemonstrate your understanding of the context and values of Modernism by close analysis of the techniques and concerns of Modernism that are reflected in one poem and one short story. Modernism as a movement is an artistic reaction to the conventional art and literature of mid- to late 19th century. World War I introduced advanced technology and the introduction of industrialisation provoked Modernist writers to express their concerns about the changing society and the complexities it of throughRead More Search for Innocence in American Modernism Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesSearch for Innocence in American Modernism      Ã‚   American Literature from its very beginning has been centered around a theme of innocence. The Puritans wrote about abandoning the corruption of Europe to find innocence in a new world. The Romantics saw innocence and power in nature and often wrote of escaping from civilization to return to nature. After the Civil War, however, the innocence of the nation is challenged. The Realists focused on the loss of innocence and in Naturalist works innocence

History of Polygraph Test in the U.S. Free Essays

Executive Summary The development of the polygraph test, to measure a suspect’s honesty during interrogation, began in the 1890s. The modern polygraph test has been around since the 1930s. Wires connected to a suspect detect physiological changes and transfer that information to a graph, and a scientist then interprets the graph. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Polygraph Test in the U.S. or any similar topic only for you Order Now The results are somewhat subjective. Honesty tests rely on psychological measurements rather than physiological measurements. Honesty tests ask a series of questions, such as whether the test subject would return a lost wallet, to determine the likelihood that he would be dishonest. They are often used by employers before hiring or during investigations of employees suspected of corporate dishonesty. Both polygraph tests and honesty tests are highly controversial. Both require some level of subjective interpretation by the polygraph scientist or honesty test psychologist. For the polygraph tests, it is possible for examiners to manipulate the results by carefully crafting the questions to elicit higher physiological responses. Results are rarely admissible in court. INTRODUCTION A  polygraph  (popularly referred to as a  lie detector) measures and records several physiological indices such as  blood pressure,  pulse,  respiration, and  skin conductivity  while the subject is asked and answers a series of questions. The belief underpinning the use of the polygraph is that deceptive answers will produce physiological responses that can be differentiated from those associated with non-deceptive answers. The polygraph was invented in 1921 by  John Augustus Larson, a medical student at the  University of California at Berkeleyand a police officer of the  Berkeley Police Department  in Berkeley, California. According to  Encyclopedia, the polygraph was on its 2003 list of greatest inventions, described by the company as inventions that â€Å"have had profound effects on human life for better or worse. Many members of the  scientific community  consider polygraphy to be  pseudoscience. Nonetheless, in some countries polygraphs are used as an  interrogation  tool with criminal suspects or candidates for sensitive public or private sector employment. US federal government agencies such as the FBI and the CIA and many police departments such as the LAPD use polygraph examinations to interrogate suspects and screen new employees. Within the US federal government, a polygraph examination is also referred to as a  psycho physiological detection of deception  (PDD) examination. Testing procedure Today, polygraph examiners use two types of instrumentation: analog and computerized. In the  United States, most examiners now use computerized  instrumentation. A typical polygraph test starts with a pre-test  interview  to gain some preliminary information which will later be used for â€Å"control questions†, or CQ. Then the tester will explain how the polygraph is supposed to work, emphasizing that it can detect lies and that it is important to answer truthfully. Then a â€Å"stim test† is often conducted: the subject is asked to deliberately lie and then the tester reports that he was able to detect this lie. Guilty  subjects are likely to become more anxious when they are reminded of the test’s validity. However, there are risks of innocent subjects being equally or more anxious than the guilty. Then the actual test starts. Some of the questions asked are â€Å"irrelevant† or IR (â€Å"Is your name Chris? ), others are â€Å"probable-lie† control questions that most people will lie about (â€Å"Have you ever stolen money? â€Å") and the remainders are the â€Å"relevant questions†, or RQ, that the tester is really interested in. The different types of questions alternate. The test is passed if the physiological responses during the probable-lie control questions (CQ) are larger than those during the relevant questions (RQ). If this is not the case, the tester attempts to elicit admissions during a post-test interview, for example, â€Å"Your situation will only get worse if we don’t clear this up†. Criticisms have been given regarding the validity of the administration of the Comparative Questions test (CQT). The CQT may be vulnerable to being conducted in an interrogation-like fashion. This kind of interrogation style would elicit a nervous response from innocent and guilty suspects alike. There are several other ways of administrating the questions. An alternative is the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT), or the Concealed Information Test (CIT), which is being used in  Japan. The administration of this test is given to prevent potential errors that may arise from the questioning style. The test is usually conducted by a tester with no knowledge of the  crime  or circumstances in question. The administrator tests the participant on their knowledge of the crime that would not be known to an innocent person. For example: â€Å"Was the crime committed with a . 45 or a 9 mm? † The questions are in multiple choices and the participant is rated on how they react to the correct answer. If they react strongly to the guilty information, then proponents of the test believe that it is likely that they know facts relevant to the case. This administration is considered more valid by supporters of the test because it contains many safeguards to avoid the risk of the administrator influencing the results. Validity Polygraphy has little evidence to support its use. Despite claims of 90% validity by polygraph advocates, the  National Research Council  has found no evidence of effectiveness. The utility among sex offenders is also poor with insufficient evidence to support accuracy or improved outcomes in this population. Even using the high estimates of polygraph’s accuracy a significant number of subjects will appear to be lying, and would unfairly suffer the consequences of â€Å"failing† the polygraph. In the 1998  Supreme Court  case,  United States v. Scheffer, the majority stated that â€Å"There is simply no consensus that polygraph evidence is reliable† and â€Å"Unlike other expert witnesses who testify about factual matters outside the jurors’ knowledge, such as the analysis of fingerprints, ballistics, or DNA found at a crime scene, a polygraph expert can supply the jury only with another opinion†¦ In 2005 the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals stated that â€Å"polygraphy did not enjoy general acceptance from the scientific community†. In 2001 William Iacono, Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience concluded that Although the CQT [Control Question Test] may be useful as an investigative aid and tool to induce confessions, it does not pass muster as a scientifically credible test. CQT theory is based on naive, implausible assumptions indicating (a) that it is biased against innocent individuals and (b) that it can be beaten simply by artificially augmenting responses to control questions. Although it is not possible to adequately assess the error rate of the CQT, both of these conclusions are supported by published research findings in the best social science journals (Honts et al. , 1994; Horvath, 1977; Kleinmuntz Szucko, 1984; Patrick Iacono, 1991). Although defense attorneys often attempt to have the results of friendly CQTs admitted as evidence in court, there is no evidence supporting their validity and ample reason to doubt it. Members of scientific organizations who have the requisite background to evaluate the CQT are overwhelmingly skeptical of the claims made by polygraph proponents. Summarizing the consensus in psychological research, Professor David W. Martin, PhD, from North Carolina State University, states that people have tried to use the polygraph for measuring human emotions, but there is simply no royal road to (measuring) human emotions. Therefore, since one cannot reliably measure human emotions (especially when one has an interest in iding his/her emotions), the idea of valid detection of truth or falsehood through measuring respiratory rate, blood volume, pulse rate and galvanic skin response is a mere pretense. Psychologists cannot ascertain what emotions one has, with or without the use of polygraph. Polygraphs measure physiological arousal which can pinpoint  deception  rather than â€Å"lies†. National Academy of Sciences The accuracy of the polygraph has been contested almos t since the introduction of the device. In 2003, the  National Academy of Sciences  (NAS) issued a report entitled â€Å"The Polygraph and Lie Detection†. The NAS found that the majority of polygraph research was â€Å"unreliable, unscientific and biased†, concluding that 57 of the approximately 80 research studies that the APA relies on to come to their conclusions were significantly flawed. These studies did show that specific-incident polygraph testing, in a person untrained in counter-measures, could discern the truth at â€Å"a level greater than chance, yet short of perfection†. However, due to several flaws, the levels of accuracy shown in these studies â€Å"are almost certainly higher than actual polygraph accuracy of specific-incident testing in the field†. When polygraphs are used as a screening tool (in  national security  matters and for  law enforcement  agencies for example) the level of accuracy drops to such a level that â€Å"Its accuracy in distinguishing actual or potential security violators from innocent test takers is insufficient to justify reliance on its use in employee security screening in  federal agencies. † In fact, the NAS extrapolated that if the test were sensitive enough to detect 80% of spies (a level of accuracy which it did not assume), this would hardly be sufficient anyway. Let us take for example a hypothetical polygraph screening of a body of 10,000 employees among which are 10 spies. With an 80% success rate, the polygraph test would show that 8 spies and 1,992 non-spies fail the test. Thus, roughly 99. 6 percent of positives (those failing the test) would be  false  positives. The NAS concluded that the polygraph â€Å"†¦ may have some utility† but that there is â€Å"little basis for the expectation that a polygraph test could have extremely high accuracy. â€Å" The NAS conclusions paralleled those of the earlier  United States Congress  Office of Technology Assessment  report â€Å"Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation†. Similarly, a report to congress by the  Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy on national security concluded that † The few Government-sponsored scientific research reports on polygraph validity (as opposed to its utility), especially those focusing on the screening of applicants for employment, indicate that the polygraph is neither scientifically valid nor especially effective beyond its ability to generate admissions.. . Countermeasures Several countermeasures designed to pass polygraph tests have been described. Asked how he passed the polygraph test,  Aldrich Ames  explained that he sought advice from his Soviet  handler and received the simple instruction to: â€Å"Get a good night’s sleep, and rest, and go into the test rested and relaxed. Be nice to the polygraph examiner, develop a rapport, and be cooperative and try to maintain your calm. † Additionally, Ames said, â€Å"`There’s no special magic†¦ Confidence is what does it. Confidence and a friendly relationship with the examiner†¦ apport, where you smile and you make him think that you like him. Other suggestions for countermeasures include for the subject to mentally record the control and relevant questions as the examiner reviews them prior to commencing the interrogation. Once the interrogation begins, the subject is then supposed to carefully control their  breathing  during the relevant questions, and to try to artificially increase their heart  during the control questions, such as by thinking of something scary or exciting or by pricking themselves with a pointed object concealed somewhere on their body. In this way the results will not show a significant reaction to any of the relevant questions. Usage Law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies in the United States are by far the biggest users of polygraph technology. In the United States alone all federal law enforcement agencies either employ their own polygraph examiners or use the services of examiners employed in other agencies. This is despite their unreliability. For example in 1978  Richard Helms, the 8th Director of Central Intelligence stated that: â€Å"We discovered there were some Eastern Europeans who could defeat the polygraph at any time. Americans are not very good at it, because we are raised to tell the truth and when we lie it is easy to tell we are lying. But we find a lot of Europeans and Asiatics [who] can handle that polygraph without a blip, and you know they are lying and you have evidence that they are lying. † United States In 2007, polygraph testimony was admitted by stipulation in 19 states, and was subject to the discretion of the trial judge in federal court. The use of polygraph in court testimony remains controversial, although it is used extensively in post-conviction supervision, particularly of sex offenders. In  Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals  (1993), the old  Frye standard  was lifted and all forensic evidence, including polygraph, had to meet the new  Daubert standard  in which â€Å"underlying reasoning or methodology is scientifically valid and properly can be applied to the facts at issue. † While polygraph tests are commonly used in police investigations in the US, no defendant or witness can be forced to undergo the test. [citation needed]  In  United States v. Scheffer  (1998),the  U. S. Supreme Court  left it up to individual jurisdictions whether polygraph results could be admitted as evidence in court cases. Nevertheless, it is used extensively by  prosecutors,  defense attorneys, and  law enforcement agencies. In the States of  Massachusetts,  Maryland,  Jersey, Delaware  and  Iowa  it is illegal for any employer to order a polygraph either as conditions to gain employment, or if an employee has been suspected of wrongdoing. The  Employee Polygraph Protection Act  of 1988 (EPPA) generally prevents employers from using lie detector tests, either for pre-employment screening or during the course of employment, with certain exemptions. In the United States, the State of  New Mexico  admits polygraph testing in front of  juries  under certain circumstances. In many other states, polygraph examiners are permitted to testify in front of judges in various types of  hearings  (Motion  to Revoke  Probation, Motion to Adjudicate Guilt). Europe In most  European  jurisdictions, polygraphs are not considered reliable evidence and are not generally used by law enforcement. Courts themselves do not order nor facilitate polygraph testing. In most cases, polygraph tests are voluntarily taken by a defendant in order to substantiate his or her defense. The  Federal Court of Justice of Germany  has ruled that polygraph evidence is inherently inconclusive and not admissible in court. Motions by prosecution or defense for polygraph tests to be exercised will be declined under any circumstance. Canada In Canada, the polygraph is regularly used as a forensic tool in the investigation of criminal acts and sometimes employed in the screening of employees for government organizations. In the 1987 decision of  R. v. Beland, the  Supreme Court of Canada  rejected the use of polygraph results as evidence in court. This decision did not, however, affect the use of the polygraph in criminal investigations. The polygraph continues to be used as an investigative tool. Australia The  High Court of Australia  has not yet considered the admissibility of polygraph evidence. However, the  New South Wales  District Court rejected the use of the device in a criminal trial. In  Raymond George Murray  1982 7A Crim R48 Sinclair DCJ refused to admit polygraph evidence tending to support the defence. The judge rejected the evidence because 1. The veracity of the accused and the weight to be given to his evidence, and other witnesses called in the trial, was a matter for the jury. 2. The polygraph â€Å"expert† sought to express an opinion as to ultimate facts in issue, which is peculiarly the province of the jury. 3. The test purported to be expert evidence by the witness who was not qualified as an expert, he was merely an operator and assessor of a polygraph. The scientific premise upon which his assessment was based had not been proved in any Court in Australia. 4. Devoid of any proved or accepted scientific basis, the evidence of the operator is  hearsay  which is inadmissible. The Court cited, with approval, the Canadian case of  Phillion v R  1978 1SCR 18. Lie detector evidence is currently inadmissible in New South Wales courts under the  Lie Detectors Act. Israel The  High Court of Israel, in Civil Appeal 551/89 (Menora Insurance Vs. Jacob Sdovnik), ruled that as the polygraph has not been recognized as a reliable device, polygraph results are inadmissible as evidence in a  civil trial. In other decisions, polygraph results were ruled inadmissible in criminal trials. However, some insurance companies attempt to include a clause in insurance contracts, in which the beneficiary agrees that polygraph results be admissible as evidence. In such cases, where the beneficiary has willingly agreed to such a clause, signed the contract, and taken the test, the courts will honor the contract, and take the polygraph results into consideration. Interestingly, it is common practice for  lawyersto advise people who signed such contracts to refuse to take the test. Depending on whether or not the beneficiary signed an agreements clause, and whether the test was already taken or not, such a refusal usually has no ill effects; at worst, the court will simply order the person to take the test as agreed. At best, the court will cancel the clause and release the person from taking the test, or rule the evidence inadmissible. India Recently an Indian court adopted the  brain electrical oscillations signature test  as evidence to convict a woman, who was accused of murdering her fiance. It is the first time that the result of polygraph was used as evidence in court. On May 5, 2010,  The Supreme Court of India  declared use of  narcoanalysis,  brain mapping  and polygraph tests on suspects as illegal and against the constitution. Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution-â€Å"No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. † Polygraph tests are still legal if the defendant requests one. Security clearances In the American military and intelligence communities, polygraphs have been administered both as terms of qualifying for a security clearance and as part of a periodic reinvestigation to retain a clearance. There is no uniform standard for whether the polygraph is needed, as some methods of adjudication do not demand a successful polygraph test to earn a clearance. Other agencies, particularly certain military units, actually prohibit polygraph testing on their members. According to a report to congress, polygraphy in the security clearance context has little utility in detecting untruth, but significant utility in inducing verbal admissions. That is, polygraphy is mainly useful as a prop in the interrogation process. Further, this likely accounts for its continuing use by government agencies. It is difficult to precisely determine the effectiveness of polygraph results for the detection or deterrence of spying. Failure of a polygraph test could cause revocation of a security clearance, but it is inadmissible evidence in most federal courts and military courts martial. The polygraph is more often used as a deterrent to espionage rather than detection. One exception to this was the case of  Harold James Nicholson, a CIA employee later convicted of spying for  Russia. In 1995, Nicholson had undergone his periodic five year reinvestigation where he showed a strong probability of deception on questions regarding relationships with a foreign intelligence unit. This polygraph test later launched an investigation which resulted in his eventual arrest and conviction. In most cases, however, polygraphs are more of a tool to â€Å"scare straight† those who would consider espionage. Jonathan  was advised by his Israeli handlers that he was to resign his job from American intelligence if he was ever told he was subject to a polygraph test. Likewise,  John Anthony Walker  was advised to by his handlers not to engage in espionage until he had been promoted to the highest position for which a polygraph test was not required, to refuse promotion to higher positions for which polygraph tests were required, and to retire when promotion was mandated. As part of his  plea bargain  agreement for his case of espionage for the  Soviet Union,  Robert Hanssen  would be made to undergo a polygraph at any time as part of damage assessment. In Hanssen’s 25-year career with the  FBI, not once was he made to undergo a polygraph. He later said that if he had been ordered to, he may have thought twice about espionage. Alternatively, the use of polygraph testing, where it causes desperation over dismissal for past dishonesty, may encourage spying. For example,  Edward Lee Howard  was dismissed from the CIA when, during a polygraph screening, he truthfully answered a series of questions admitting to minor crimes such as petty theft and drug abuse. In retaliation for his perceived unjust punishment for minor offenses, he later sold his knowledge of CIA operations to the Soviet Union. It is also worth noting that polygraph tests may not deter espionage. From 1945 to the present, at least six Americans had been committing espionage while they successfully passed polygraph tests. Two of the most notable cases of two men who created a false negative result with the polygraphs were  Larry Wu-Tai Chin  and  Aldrich Ames. Ames was given two polygraph examinations while with the CIA, the first in 1986 and the second in 1991. The CIA reported that he passed both examinations after experiencing initial indications of deception. According to a Senate investigation, an FBI review of the first examination concluded that the indications of deception were never resolved. The Senate committee reported that the second examination, at a time when Ames was under suspicion, resulted in indications of deception and a retest a few days later with a different examiner. The second examiner concluded that there were no further indications of deception. In the CIA’s analysis of the second exam, they were critical of their own failure to convey to their examiner the existing suspicions that were not addressed in the examination. In August 2008, the US  Defense Intelligence Agency  announced that it would subject each of its 5,700 prospective and current employees to a polygraph interrogation at least once annually. In 2012, a  McClatchy  investigation found that the  National Reconnaissance Office  was possibly breaching ethical and legal boundaries by encouraging its polygraph examiners to extract personal and private information from subjects during polygraph interrogations. Alternative tests Most polygraph researchers have focused more the exam’s predictive value on a subject’s guilt. However, there have been no empirical theories established to explain how a polygraph measures deception. Recent research indicates that  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  (fMRI) may benefit in explaining the psychological correlations of polygraph exams. It could also explain which parts of the brain are active when subjects use artificial memories. Most brain activity occurs in both sides of the  ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which is linked to response inhibition. This indicates that deception involves a subject’s inhibition of certain questions, such as attempting to be truthful while lying. Recalling artificial memories are known to activate the  posterior cingulate cortex. However, fMRIs are limited to being expensive, immobile, and having inconsistent lying responses. Some researchers believe that  reaction time  (RT) based tests may replace polygraphs in concealed information detection. RT based tests differ from polygraphs in stimulus presentation duration, and can be conducted without physiological recording as subject response time is measured via computer. However, researchers have found limitations to these tests as subjects voluntarily control their reaction time, deception can still occur within the response deadline, and the test itself lacks physiological recording. Society and culture Lie detection has a long history in mythology and fairy tales; the polygraph has allowed modern fiction to use a device more easily seen as scientific and plausible. Notable instances of polygraph usage include uses in crime and espionage themed television shows and some  daytime television  talk shows, cartoons and films. The most notable polygraph TV show is  Lie Detector, which first aired in the 1950s created and hosted by  Ralph Andrews. Then in the 1960s Ralph produced a series of specials hosted by  Melvin Belli, then in the 1970s hosted by Jack Anderson. In 1998 TV producer  Mark Phillips  with his Mark Phillips Philms Telephision put  Lie Detector  back on the air on the FOX Network—on that program Dr. Ed Gelb with host  Marcia Clark  cleared  Mark Fuhrman  from the allegation that he â€Å"planted the bloody glove. † Later Phillips produced  Lie Detector  as a series for PAX/ION—some of the guests included  Paula Jones, Reverend  Paul Crouch  accuser Lonny Ford, Ben Rowling,  Jeff Gannon  and  Swift Boat Vet, Steve Garner. FOX has taken this one step further with their game show  The Moment of Truth  which pits people’s honesty against their own sense of modesty, propriety, etc. Contestants are given a polygraph test administered by a polygraph expert in a pre-screening session answering over 50 questions. Later they must sit in front of a studio audience including their friends family for the televised portion of the show. There they need only answer 21 answers truthfully â€Å"as determined by the polygraph† to win $500,000. The questions get more personal and/or more revealing as they advance. Most polygraph experts caution that the polygraph techniques used on Moment of Truth do not conform to any known or accepted methods of polygraphy. citation needed] Daytime talk shows, such as  Maury Povich  and  Steve Wilkos, frequently use lie detectors to tell if someone is cheating on their significant other. In one  MacGyver  episode ‘Slow Death’, MacGyver assists the Indian tribesmen by improvising a polygraph to weed out the crooked doctor. This is made possible by using an analog sphygmomanometer  to monitor blood pressure ch ange, and an electronic alarm clock to detect sweat. To test its reliability, MacGyver asked a passenger on the train a few ‘placebo’ questions. The culprit was only discovered when he was trying to hide his crime, thus his sweat triggered the alarm clock and blood pressure climbed up. In the movie  Harsh Times  the protagonist, played by actor  Christian Bale, is caught trying to â€Å"beat† a polygraph test during a pre-employment screening for a federal law enforcement job. He stores a tack in the toe of his shoe and uses the pain sensation to mask his true apprehension of certain questions. The polygraph is immediately suspicious and the examination is ended. In the movie  Ocean’s 13, one of the characters beats a polygraph test by stepping on a tack when answering truthfully, which supposedly raises the polygraph’s readings for the truthful answers so they equal the deceptive ones. In the television series  Profit, there is a memorable sequence at the end of episode â€Å"Healing† where the eponymous character, Jim Profit, manages to fool a polygraph. He does that by putting a nail through the sole of his shoe and pushing it inside of his heel while answering every question in order to even out the readings. This scene is very graphic, especially for its time, 1996. During a voice over, Profit explains the theory behind the polygraph and the flaws he intends to exploit in it. In episode 93 of the USA popular science show  Myth busters, they attempted to fool the polygraph by using pain to try to increase the readings when answering truthfully (so the machine will supposedly interpret the truthful and non-truthful answers as the same. ) They also attempted to fool the polygraph by thinking happy thoughts when lying and thinking stressful thoughts when telling the truth to try to confuse the machine. However, neither technique was successful for a number of reasons. Michael Martin correctly identified each guilty and innocent subject. The show also noted the opinion that, when done properly, polygraphs are correct 80-99% of the time. Police Polygraph Test [pic]  »Ã‚  The police polygraph pre test interview |  Ã‚  [pic] |The pretest interview is considered an important component of the polygraph examination. An important | |  Ã‚   |purpose of the pre test interview is to persuade you that the examination is conducted in a professional | | |manner and that any deception attempted will be obvious to the examiner. Such instructions, place truthful | | |subjects at ease and increase anxiety in subjects who intend to be deceptive. Persuading subjects about the| | |effectiveness of the examination should sharpen differences between deceptive and non deceptive subjects in| | |their reactions to questions about a particular question. | | |Pretest interviews typically take from 20 to 30 minutes. As a police applicant you will   be told that the | | |polygraph examination is voluntary and you’ll   be asked to sign a waiver form. You will also be told how | | |the results of the examination will be used. | In the case of police employment you will be advised that a copy of the test results will be provided to the police department you applied to, and that you will not be asked questions concerning such areas as political activities, racial or religious beliefs, or sexual activities. The remainder of the pretest interview focuses on the specific questions you will be asked during the examination. These may include questions about your prior employment, driving record, drug use, and criminal history. The examiner wants to learn enough to assess your readiness for the examination and to prepare anxiety-provoking control questions. The polygraph examiner will then explain the polygraph technique to you before starting the actual examination.  »Polygraph exam questions Gone are the days a polygraph examiner asked if you ever had sex with a farm animal. Pre-employment polygraph examinations fall under the guidelines for employment interviewing of title VII of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, so examiners are obliged to conduct the examinations in a way that would not discriminate on the basis of sex, race, etc. One central principle of ethical standards is that relevant questions be related to the job applied for. Here are typical questions asked on the police polygraph test: Did you tell the complete truth on your job application? Have you deliberately withheld information from your job application? Have you ever been fired from a job? Since the age of ( ) have you committed an undetected crime? Since the age of ( ) have you been convicted of a crime? During the past year, have you used marijuana more than ( ) per ( )? Have you used any other narcotic illegally in the past ( ) years? Have you sold marijuana or other narcotics illegally in the past ( ) years? Have you ever stolen more than ($ ) worth of merchandise in any one year from any of your employers? Have you even stolen more than ($ ) in moneys in any one year from any of your employers? Have you ever used a system to cheat one of your employers? Have you ever had your driver’s license suspended or revoked? Have you ever had any traffic citations in the past five ( ) years? Have you deliberately lied to any of these questions? Values, such as age and number of years is determined by the specific department. The method used by John E. Reid Associates employs four standard relevant questions: In the last five years did you steal any merchandise from previous employers? In the last five years did you steal any money from previous employers? In the last ten years did you take part in or commit any serious crime? Did you falsify any information on your application? These standard questions may be modified depending on admissions made during the pretest (e. g. , a revision may be, â€Å"In the last five years did you steal any merchandise other than minor office supplies? â€Å"). In addition to the standard questions a fifth relevant question (e. g. , concerning the illegal purchase or sale of merchandise; use of narcotics) may be added. The Reid firm also uses what it regards as control questions in pre-employment interviews. Control questions include, â€Å"Did you ever steal anything in your life? † and â€Å"Did you lie to any of the questions you answered during the application process for this job? † It is not clear, however, how the Reid pre-employment control questions differ from the relevant questions. It seems reasonable to suppose that both truthful and non-truthful subjects (in terms of the relevant questions) may be just as concerned with the subject matter of the control questions as they are with the relevant questions. It is also not clear why employers would be less concerned with the control than with the relevant questions. Conclusions Some firms still use the polygraph (or lie detector) for honesty testing, although current law severely restricts its use. The polygraph is a device that measures physiological changes like increased perspiration. The assumption is that such changes reflect changes in emotional state that accompany lying. Complaints about offensiveness plus grave doubts about the polygraph’s accuracy culminated in the Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988. With a few exceptions the law prohibits employers from conducting polygraph examinations of all job applicants and most employees. Also prohibited under this law are other mechanical or electrical devices that attempt to measure honesty or dishonesty, including psychological stress evaluators and voice stress analyzers. Federal laws don’t prohibit paper and pencil tests and chemical testing. Polygraph examinations are scientific tests that are rooted in the fundamental laws of psychology and physiology. The interviewee’s bodily reactions to her answers are analyzed in accordance to years of study on the human psyche. This scientific method claims direct access to the subject’s memory, which is inaccessible by orthodox means of investigation. Polygraph tests are solely conducted on persons who are mentally and physically sound. There are no accusations, simply questions answerable by â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no. † The examiner is neutral, which, according to the Euro Polygraph Center, enables the subject â€Å"to free himself of any prejudice in connection to his examination and of any external sources of stress. † These tests can also be administered to gauge the honesty of potential employees. _______________ How to cite History of Polygraph Test in the U.S., Essay examples

Digital Innovation In Education Industry †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Digital Innovation In Education Industry. Answer: Overview of the start up in relation to education industry Education is one of the most important sectors in this developing world. The recent planning for curriculum activities in schools and other education institution is giving high importance to technological improvement. Technology has made delivery of instruction much easier and effective than before (Itali 2017). The new start up firm will be a distance learning school for graduates with best technology learning. The school is being planned with the aim of offering the best learning guide and fast development of all kinds of students. Existing technology trend in education industry Universities and colleges are changing their look out towards education by offering distance courses along with the regular ones. This has expanded the opportunities for many students who faces problem in attending classes along with their jobs and other activities. The existing technologies already existing in the education industry are the online learning, online collaborative teaching, visual learning, Skype classes, mobile learning and tablet computing. Such kinds of technologies in certain educational institutions have already made the job of the teachers easy. It has also allowed the students to grab the content of the lesson in a much faster way (Bozkurt 2015). Augmented and Virtual Reality Augmented reality is explained as an initiative that collaborates the emerging digital innovations with the surrounding of the user. It does not create a very new environment. However, the existing condition of a system is changed into a modified one with incorporation of some new information (Dunleavy and Dede 2014). Virtual reality on the other hand is explained as something very near to the actual world. A computer system that uses a headset to generate a virtually real image or sounds that can simulate the presence of the user in an imagery world (Earnshaw 2014). Benefits of Augmented and Virtual reality in the Education industry Education industry is a wide platform with a huge growth prospect. With the growing competition in the learning sector, it is necessary for any new institution to keep pace with the new technology. However, this is not an easy task to do as a start up firm. The virtual reality in the classroom and learning system will allow the students to experience a content rich education. The virtual learning will engage the learner to understand concepts through visual effects. In distance learning, students can get the opportunity of visual learning through online sources (Merchant, et. al. 2014). Augmented reality offers the students with the opportunity of getting accessibility of the learning material anywhere they want like the online library (Radu 2014). Recommendations The education system is growing drastically with the view of offering students with the best learning experiences. The most suitable technology that can be used in the new educational institution of distance learning is the augmented reality platform. This is because it helps gather much more attention of the students and is comparatively less expensive then virtual reality. This will help the institution to benefit in relation to cost terms also and keep the course fees within a limit. Moreover, augmented reality has various benefits such as better understanding, anytime accessibility and develops critical thinking of students (Bacca, et. al. 2014). References Bacca, J., Baldiris, S., Fabregat, R. and Graf, S., 2014. Augmented reality trends in education: a systematic review of research and applications.Journal of Educational Technology Society,17(4), p.133. Bozkurt, A., Akgun-Ozbek, E., Yilmazel, S., Erdogdu, E., Ucar, H., Guler, E., Sezgin, S., Karadeniz, A., Sen-Ersoy, N., Goksel-Canbek, N. and Dincer, G.D., 2015. Trends in distance education research: A content analysis of journals 2009-2013.The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,16(1). Dunleavy, M. and Dede, C., 2014. Augmented reality teaching and learning. InHandbook of research on educational communications and technology(pp. 735-745). Springer New York. Earnshaw, R.A. ed., 2014.Virtual reality systems. Academic press. Itali.uq.edu.au. 2017 Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://itali.uq.edu.au/filething/get/3419/Final_Future_trends_in_teaching_and_learning_in_higher_e [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Merchant, Z., Goetz, E.T., Cifuentes, L., Keeney-Kennicutt, W. and Davis, T.J., 2014. Effectiveness of virtual reality-based instruction on students' learning outcomes in K-12 and higher education: A meta-analysis.Computers Education,70, pp.29-40. Radu, I., 2014. Augmented reality in education: a meta-review and cross-media analysis.Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,18(6), pp.1533-1543.

monday2 Essays - Metropolitan Division, New York Islanders

Europeans and Pacific Islanders had a differing lifestyle when growing up that had a major influence on how and why they navigated the way in which they did. For once instance, the Pacific Islanders learned from a small age to be more curious and explore the nature around them. Europeans were living a more civilized life, so the children were not encouraged to explore nature like the Pacific Islanders were. Beginning at a young age, like 6 or 7, the Islanders would be taken on canoe rides and they were free to explore the islands and the lands that surrounded their village. Another reason for Pacific Islanders being better navigators is that they combine traditional knowledge with more personal and intimate knowledge. Europeans were relying solely on traditional knowledge for traveling. For instance, they most relied on a compass and stars to know if they were on the right track. An example of this personal knowledge is how a boat may change the way it is sailing because of how the c urrent changes. They would also note how the sky would change different colors and how to use that to detect reefs and other obstacles in it and how to read the sky. The Pacific Islanders are also more naturally experienced in traveling especially across sea. Some of that knowledge is not something that can be acquired in a traditional setting. A person still has to combine the traditional knowledge with personal experience to fully succeed. The navigators also have to have certain characteristics like keen eyes. The Pacific Islanders are taught to sometimes ignore visual cues because there will be more significant evidence such as stars or the wave patterns. These clues are difficult for a novice to pick up. One island navigator says "he would sometimes retire to the hut on his canoe's outrigger platform, where he could lie down and without distraction more readily direct the helmsman onto the proper course by analysing the roll and pitch of the vessel at it corkscrewed over the wa ves." The last reason is the way the Islanders are taught. The students are taught by a senior navigator who first tries to filter his massive amount of knowledge to the students. They first sit together and try to make little diagrams with pebbles on the mats. The pebbles represents stars so at a young age. The students cannot fully continue in their learning until they start with any island in the known ocean and name off the stars both from going to the island and returning from the island. This gives the students the ability to see the patterns relative to the stars, islands, and reefs so if they can pick up on the pattern they can travel anywhere.

HDTV essays

HDTV essays High Definition Television (HDTV) is quite an example of an international topic that has far reaching effects on the world wide electronics marketplace. HDTV is not simply a new standard for color televisions; it is in fact a doorway to becoming the world leader in setting the standards for; computer screens, laptop flat panel displays, medical imaging displays, automobile interactive displays and of course high definition wide screens. HDTV is as much about sound quality improvements as it is about clarity of the visual screen. However the quest for leadership in the HDTV market has become a saga of near successes, failures and potential winners. The stakes are tremendous. Even if we only concentrate on the television market the expected revenues are in the billions. Today there are an estimated 600 million TV sets in the world. With so much at risk it is not surprising that the interest of many multinational corporations and governments set their sights on capturing the lead in thi s emerging technological race. The alarming fact is that this race has been going on for more than 30 years. The consumer electronics industry entered into the 90s eagerly waiting for a new growth stimulus. U.S. annual sales in 1992 for consumer electronics were 33 billion, which only trailed that of Japan (35 billion) and Europe (42 billion). In fact in 1991 television sales accounted for only 7 billion of new sales for the consumer electronics market. Historically, the industry has been driven by major innovations and life cycles of the radio, television, hi-fi and the VCR. The recent introductions of CDs, DAT and camcorders have not measured up to yesteryears major technological breakthroughs. But first lets go back in history to understand some of what transpired in the early adoption of television standards. The 1920s saw the introduction of commercial radio broadcasting. This media form grew consistently right into the 40s when t...

The US Air Force in World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The US Air Force in World War II - Essay Example Thus the direct premise that followed from this catechism was that victory beyond doubt will go to that power that will manage to exhibit and retain decisive air superiority throughout the conflict. Still such findings and predictions failed to muster a commensurate support and budgetary allocations from the US authorities. It was only in the thick of the World War II that the validity of such forecasts became crystal clear and self evident and the US realized that the stature and scope of its Air Force needs to be unavoidably expanded and broadened. In fact such provisions became necessary after the Japanese air attack on the Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 (Lord 4). This unexpected attack revealed the extent to which the Japanese intended to rely on their air power to have an upper edge in the war. This attack also revealed the potential and capabilities of the Japanese Air Force, its ability to plan and execute debilitating air operations and its skill for withholding and camouflaging the information and intelligence pertaining to its air preparedness. Pearl Harbor was a painful eye opener that was as much the result of the Japanese air preparedness as the lack of prompt US initiative in response to the ensuing developments in Europe and Japan. This attack also made the US cognizant of the vulnerability of its Air Force and its air defense systems. Luckily, the Pearl Harbor attack unleashed a sea change in the US foreign policy and its defense preparations (Cate). It was decided that from now onwards, the US Air Force ought to play an aggressive and proactive role in the future conflicts. President Roosevelt decided in favor of an unprecedented expansion and refurbishing of the US Air Corps and substantial and impressive allocations were made to procure fighter aircraft for the army (Cate). In the mean time, the US Air Force was already anticipating such salubrious developments and hence it took no time in gearing up and responding to such alleviated expectations and bold plans. The strategic stress was also laid down on the upgrading of aerial infrastructure and the development of new airfields and air bases to enhance the tactical potential of the US Air Force (Cate). There is no doubt that such developments were to chan ge the face of the US Air Force not only in the II World War, but their reverberations were audible in the much later US missions like the Operation Desert Storm.Though the US Air Force fighters and bombers were soon carpeting the Pacific skies, still the US Air Force some what reluctantly entered the European horizons in July 1942 (Wolf 156). The scope of the US Air Force was extended to the European territories only at the repeated request and encouragement of the British army, which was continually suggesting a scheme for the collaboration and cooperation between the Air Forces of the two nations embroiled in this conflict. As American strategic interests in Europe started to become clearer, concise and concrete, the entry of the American Air Force in the European theater of war became a tactical and political necessity. Considering the fact the allied forces operating in Europe were

Human resource 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human resource 1 - Assignment Example Jobs in the Emirates Group Being such a diverse company, the Emirates Group subsequently have diverse job types, ranging from cabin crew to hospitality and engineering jobs. Cabin crews are responsible for passengers’ customer service during flights. Trainings for cabin crew mainly include emergency and security, including first aid, as these are prone to happen during flights. They also ensure that emergency equipment is in good working condition before flights. They serve refreshments and meals to passengers and ensure the passengers are comfortable during flights. Their job varies depending on the nature of the flight, if it is long or short-haul flight (Mahajan, 2012) Pilots are responsible for flying passengers and cargo on long and short-haul flights to different destinations. Two pilots are required for each flight. They ensure that the aircraft, including the crew and passengers are safe and reach their destinations in good terms. Before flights, pilots must check thei r flight plans, communication systems, fuel in the aircraft, the condition of the aircraft as well as the weather conditions, as all these factors determine safe flights (Soekkha, 1997). Individuals in Finance, Accounts and audit jobs are responsible for reviewing accounts of the company, performing financial health analysis on the company, and give financial advice. They also guard the company against financial risks, and are responsible for the safeguarding of company assets. They carry out wage reviews, liaise with management, and offer their recommendations, as well as preparing reports, financial statements, and commentaries. This position is crucial due to its sensitivity; therefore, Emirates Group ensures high integrity individuals fill such positions (Ireland, Hitt, & Hoskisson, 2005). Aeronautical Engineers apply their scientific knowledge and skills in researching, designing, developing, maintaining, and testing the performance of Emirate aircrafts. They mainly are respons ible for aircraft condition, fuel efficiency, speed and weight of aircraft, as well as adopting newer technologies to meet customer demands. These are employed in the Emirates Engineering, a renowned aircraft maintenance centre. The Human Resource Process of Emirates Group Recruitment Recruitment is the process in which companies discover potential candidates for the actual or expected vacancies in the organization. Each company has its own recruitment policy. In Emirates Group, high quality individuals both locally and internationally are considered. However, they should accept to live in Dubai. Applicants should have attained the legal working age of their country and meet the set academic requirements. The sources of the candidates are internal and external. Internally, Emirates Group promotes qualified employees to top vacant managerial positions and postings to different arms of the group. Externally, Emirates Group fills entry-level positions from candidates from other firms, university and college graduates, and vocational schools. All this process is conducted professionally by the team recruitment. All jobs are posted online for online application (Kleynhans, 2006). Interview and Selection process After scrutinizing the online applications, shortlisted candidates are informed to attend a selection programme in Dubai. The line manager and recruitment staff perform the selection process to identify the most suitable candidate who will adapt well to the emirate culture and working in Dubai. After interview,

Individual Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual Analysis - Assignment Example The professional standards in nursing practice are highly regulated and supervised. In my state, it is mandatory that each institution should have an internal audit program to ensure individual practitioners are up to standard. The professional nurse is expected to have appealing social and moral disposition to their patients. The promotion and the protection of the health of the patients is the key obligation of the nurse. Whereas there are a lot of legal regulations and rules that relate directly to medical practice, the greatest emphasis touch on nursing practices because that is the hallmark of medical practice. Each individual nurse therefore follows the law to the letter and consults widely with doctors and specialists in every activity. The code of ethics of nurses is the epitome of standards on which every nurse must perfectly adhere. In the event that such a code is broken or sabotaged, the individual patients’ lives may be in critical jeopardy. Moreover nursing scholarship is advancing and research that is ongoing about the best practices should be the nurse’s responsibility to gradually assimilate. Without the disposition to know the new standards, one could be on the wrong side of the law and that would bring down the institution of nursing. The Hippocratic Oath which is primarily a doctor’s area is always applicable to nursing. In this regard, nurses are prohibited from sharing particulars of the conditions of a patient with any other external parties. The nursing practice also strives to render services on the basis of saving lives to extent possible within the facility. Any actions that are deemed undertaken on mistake are gravely prohibited. Since nursing is a scientific endeavor in many respects, the philosophy of evidence and materiality of facts is crucial to the medical and nursing fraternity in particular. In addition, the philosophy of utilitarianism

Budgeting Process and Performance Analysis of Vershire

Budgeting Process and Performance Analysis of Vershire Company Description and Background Vershire Company is a diversified packaging corporation with various large divisions. Its most prominent segment; the Aluminum Can division, is one of the largest manufacturers of aluminum beverage cans in the United states. This case focuses on the budgeting process and performance analysis of Vershire. A major concern of the company is pleasing the customers as most of their buyers have several suppliers on hand, meaning that Vershire can be easily replaced if the customers expectations on quality, cost or service are not met. As a result, efficiency and low costs are top priorities to the company. The main problem of Vershire is that they are treat plants as profit centres instead of expense centres, which is an inefficient measurement of performance for manufacturing plants. Questions Vershire Companys Planning System Strengths: Divisional managers submit reports to predict outlook on sales and capital requirements five years forward as a part of the strategic planning process. This demonstrates the companys preparedness for future event predictions and its ability to formulate long term goals Sales forecasting are formulated at the corporate level and then sent to the divisional managers for analysis and fine tuning. This promotes more realistic and accurate numbers as the managers understand and know how each line functions personally Before the submission of budget plans, controller staff from the head office visits each plant to analyze the current operations and gives the opportunity for plant managers to explain their situation and reasoning behind their numbers, improving accuracy and usability of these documents Weakness: Corporate headquarters make fundamental assumptions such as new products, new plants, inventory carry overs, forward buying, and packaging trends, even though divisional managers are responsible for managing the division which lowers the accuracy of the forecast and decrease efficiency due to necessary corrections during review All division lines use the same method of forecasting regardless of size, which impedes on the accuracy due to the different customer base, products and demands each line possesses District managers determine the sales budgets rather than the plant managers even though it is the responsibility of the plant managers to achieve the goal and is tied to their performance report Vershire Companys Controlling System Strengths: Divisional managers are given full control over their own business with exceptions to the raising of capital and labour relations which are centralized at head office. This allows the opportunity for divisional managers to make necessary decisions that is specific to achieving their own objectives Quick and easy communication between various levels within the organization as there are few tiers in the division Consistent effort in meeting the companys budget as large unfavourable variances are to be made aware of on a daily basis by plant managers and variance analysis sheets are prepared monthly Weaknesses: Vershire focuses on profit for measuring the plant managers performance and to determine bonuses. This analysis tool is not efficient as there are other contributing factors to determine the effectiveness of plant managers May Divisional General Managers formulate preliminary report summarizing the outlooks for sales, income and capital requirements for the next budget year and evaluates trends anticipated for the two subsequent years for corporate management Rationale: Divisional General Managers possesses the most knowledge about their own region and is more equipped to create these documents. It also provides a rough idea of where areas of productions can be improved Central Market Research staff develops a more formal market assessment, examining the next budget year in detail and the following two years in general terms Rationale: Uses the information provided by the divisional managers to produce a more refined and detailed market analysis Central Market Research staff develops separate sales forecasts for each division and a combined forecast for the entire company Topics such as economic conditions and their impact on customers and market share for different products by geographical area are taken into account Fundamental assumptions are made to price, new products, changes in particular accounts, new plants etc. in order to produce forecast Rationale: Promotes uniformity in the formulation in all sales forecasts, determine areas for improvement, assesses areas where market share can grow, and ensures that overall corporate sales forecasts were both reasonable and achievable Divisional Managers compile their own sales forecast from bottom up with input from District Sales Managers to be submitted for review by the Vice President of Marketing Rationale: To review of the head offices sales forecast and mark any changes and additional investments needed. District Managers inputs are utilized as theyre most familiar with sales (more accurate estimates) Vice President of Marketing reviews consolidated sales forecasts and submits it to corporate level No changes are made unless the district manager agreed who is originally responsible for the forecast Rationale: Ensures the forecasts accurately reflects both the knowledge of the district manager and the vice president of marketing Process is repeated on the corporate level (approval from District Manager if needed) until budget figures are approved and become a fixed objective Rationale:Ensures that all levels of the company is agreement to the calculated figure and that the budget is sufficient to achieve company goals Overall sales budget is translated and broken down according to the plants from which finished goods would be shipped and sent to Plant Managers Rationale: Sales budget are sent to these plants as they are the ones to generate revenues Plant Managers then categorized the budget according to price, volume and end use Once categorized, the plant managers budget for gross profit, fixed expenses and pre-tax income Can request help for the Industrial Engineering Department to develop cost reduction plans Rationale: All cost standards and cost reduction targets are developed by the Industrial Engineering, therefore, it makes sure that numbers consistent and reasonable for input Before the submitting budgets, controller staff visit each plant and review plans with managers (usually takes half a day) until it is finalized and sent to Division Head Office Rationale: Gives opportunity for plant managers to reason their figures September Division Head office looks over budget and may return it to Plant Manager if discrepancy is found Will ask plant manager to looks for any additional savings if the budget is not quite in line with expectations When it is finalized, the budget will be sent to the Chief Executive Officer Rationale: Due to the plant manger having direct experience with the plants operations, it is necessary for them to make any changes for savings December Chief Executive Officer makes any modifications to the final budget if needed until it is sent it to the Board of Directors for final budget approval Final review and ensures that budget is appropriate for corporate goals Plant managers should not be fully responsible for profits as they arent able to control all aspects of the products profitability. Since profit is calculated from revenue subtract expenditures, plant managers should only be responsible for expenses, a measure that they can control. This includes direct material and labour, variable manufacturing overhead and fixed overhead budget. Revenues are usually controlled by the sales department; which possesses control over the price, sales mix, and delivery schedules of products. Also, since the sales managers opinion is always favoured over the plant manager due to satisfying the customer, it negatively affects the plant managers ability to control profit and efficiency in output costs. In Exhibit 2, the evaluation system focuses on the profits of Vershire which includes revenues and expenses. Since plant managers have no control over the revenue aspect of products, the information provided does not properly evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the plant. Factors such as variances in sales price, sales mix, and sales volume are solely handled by the sales department with no input from plant mangers, making results unreliable and irrelevant. In Exhibit 3, the individual plant level reports give a more detailed insight of the variances shown in Exhibit 2. Once again, it does not provide an accurate representation of the plants performance as it includes variables that are uncontrollable by the plant manager such as sales. Regarding divisional level reports, the comparative profit performance analysis focuses on net sales while the comparative manufacturing efficiency analysis compares varying sized plants that produce different products together, making it another unreliable and inaccurate source of analysis. Some changes I would recommend for Vershire company are to redesign how bonuses are given to plant managers as the current measurement mechanisms do not accurately reflect performance, improve comparisons of manufacturing efficiency between different plants due to the varying size and product offering of each plant and improve communication across the tiers in order to minimize error corrections and time for budget reviews. Possible solutions include organizing meetings to include all managers and corporate levels to discuss about the companys performance, relate managers performance with cost reduction measures to determine bonuses, and develop a universal measurement unit to fairly compare plants together. Conclusion In conclusion, Vershire Company should reconfigure its measurement mechanisms in order to truly analyze the performance levels of the company and begin treating its manufacturing plants as expense centres rather than profit centres. Therefore, Vershire can gather more accurate and reliable information to use for achieving objectives.

Jane Eyre, Hamlet And Keats :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To convey a sense of argument, imagery and perspective, authors use various types of language, syntax and vocabulary to achieve this. An extract from Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte, a soliloquy from Hamlet, by William Shakespeare and Ode to Autumn, by John Keats all have a number of striking similarities between them, as well as a few differences, which will be analysed to show.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unlike Hamlet and Autumn, the extract from Jane Eyre, doesn’t have any particular argument, but the use of language is similar to that of Keats and to some extent Hamlet. Jane Eyre is a character existing in a narrative in the first person, as is Hamlet in his soliloquy. This brings a sense of identification and realism to the reader, â€Å"I did not feel the cold, though it froze keenly† (Bronte, p143) indicated the narrator’s feelings and experience. The narration is written in the past tense, â€Å"in those days I was young† (p143) to add to the affect of a recollection and to bring the sense of an autobiography.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jane is not an omniscient narrator, like Hamlet, therefore the reader can see things she does not, such as the gloomy significance of the extract and how it is an indication of her future relationship with Mr Rochester, and Thornfield. The whole of the novel is written in elaborate, complex sentences, which perhaps is the author’s way of demonstrating Jane’s intelligence and eloquence. The style of language and it usage is similar to that of Keats. Bronte uses active verbs such as â€Å"rising moon† and â€Å"blended clouds† (p143) and â€Å"noise† breaking out, and integrates them into the elegant prose to bring a sense of movement to Jane’s surroundings. An idea of sound is also achieved by the use of onomatopoeic words such as â€Å"tinkle of the nearest stream† and â€Å"whispering† (p143) this brings a sensuous aspect to the prose, something that Keats also manages to achieve in his Ode to Autumn. There is even a small degree of alliteration â€Å"wave wanderings† (p143) something, which Keats also uses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The imagery in Jane Eyre is plentiful, for instance the moon is personified as female, â€Å"The rising moon . . . she looked over Hay† (p143) the images are conjured up through pictorial descriptions used by Jane, as with Keats. We get the impression that Thornfield is slightly intimidating, we know the hall is â€Å"grey and battlemented† (p143) and that the woods are â€Å"dark†.

Photo Radar Technology Essay

Speeding vehicles passing through school zones and neighborhoods compromises the safety and livability of an individual. Most of the time it poses threat to children playing outdoor, it makes bicycling, walking, and even driving dangerous to all. Through the years speed enforcement was implemented to regulate speeding vehicles. One of the oldest methods was the time distance method wherein three police officers were posted in three dummy tree trunks at a one mile interval and used stop watch to monitor the speed of a vehicle. But through the advent of technology the use of cameras such as speed, red-light, bus lane, toll- booth, level crossing, and congestion charge cameras; a vehicle detection system such as piezo-electric strips, laser, optical character recognition, and Doppler radar, and integrated with the process of implementing state rules and regulations in regulating speed limit provides a more effective means of implementing speed enforcement. The photo radar is an automated photographic speed enforcement technology that has the capability of identifying vehicles above a speed limit using a camera and detector equipment. The unit is a combination of a high speed camera with a flash unit and a low powered narrow beam Doppler antenna which is aimed across the road together with electronic controls and computers to detect, photograph, and record the time, date, speed, and location of the vehicles exceeding a determined speed limit. It can photograph the face of the driver and the license plate at the front side if the unit is intended or deployed at the oncoming traffic and the license plate at the rear side if deployed at the receding flow. The license number will be extracted from the photograph and the registered owner will receive a citation usually by mail within six working days and the violator has to respond within 30 days upon receiving. The recipient has three courses of actions to consider, either pay the fine, attend a court hearing, or file a certificate of innocence. The system starts to work due to the triggering of the radar sensor which causes the high speed cameras to take photographs. In a simple explanation, radar is considered a device that utilizes electromagnetic waves to be able to identify the direction, location, and speed of both in motion or a fixed object. Radio waves are being emitted at the transmitter part and will be reflected by the target. It will then be received by a receiver commonly being located together with the transmitter. The received or the returned radio signal is amplified due to its weak signal thus enabling the radar to detect specific objects at ranges where sound or visible light are too weak to be detected. If a solid object exists in air or vacuum, electromagnetic waves reflect or scatter between the surrounding and the object since this wave reflects in a very large change in the dielectric or diamagnetic constant and also in a change in the atomic density. This phenomenon applies to metal and carbon fiber wherein its electrical conductivity makes radar well suited for the detection of ships, aircrafts, and vehicles. The Doppler radar is one type of radar that operates in-line with the principle of Doppler Effect wherein it is the change in the wavelength or in the frequency of a wave being perceived or observed relative to the motion of the source of the wave. The equipment measures accurately the target’s radial velocity through the shifting of the received frequency up and down by means of the directional beam of the antenna. For instance the moving target is a car and as it recedes from the source, the speed of the car can be measured by firing a beam towards it. The beam is in the form of a radio frequency signal and each wave has to travel in succession to be able to reach the car before it can be reflected and re-detected by the source. As the wavelength increases, the gap between each wave also increases due to the waves moving further. Consequently if the car is approaching, the wavelength will be lesser and also the gap. In either way, computations from the Doppler Effect will determine accurately the velocity of the car. Put it analogously if a person catches a baseball every second with constant velocity, the balls will be received frequently if the thrower is moving towards and less frequent if the thrower is moving away from the catcher. Therefore the affected part is the wavelength and the perceived frequency. Doppler Effect is only capable of determining the speed of the target relative along the line of sight of the target and the radar; furthermore any velocity perpendicular to this line sight will not be determined. Doppler radars may be classified as of a continuous wave type, coherent pulse type, and frequency modulated. Continuous wave radar operates by sending out a known frequency of very pure signal. Though it cannot determine the range of the target, it is ideal in determining the target velocity’s radial component. It is commonly used in traffic enforcement wherein the range is not considered and a quick and accurate measurement of the speed of the vehicle is important. Coherent pulsed or phase synchronized is another way of measuring the speed of an object. Due to Doppler Effect, the returned signal emanating from the target are being shifted away from the base frequency thus enabling the speed of the target relative to the radar be calculated. The Frequency modulated- Continuous wave Doppler radar is capable of sweeping the frequency of the transmitter to determine and encode the range. The range rate is a velocity accurately measured by the combination of the Doppler processing to pulse radars. A target cannot be detected if the range rate reflects a frequency almost near to the frequency of the transmitter and if the target is moving tangentially to the radar beam. Pulse Doppler radar is a combination of a high velocity and long range measurement capabilities. It uses a medium to high pulse repetition frequency usually in a 30 KHz interval. This allows the precise measurement of velocity in high resolution and detection of speeding targets. Speed Cameras consists of a flash unit and is capable of taking photographs of speeding vehicles once triggered by the radar sensor. The time, date, speed, and location are also recorded together with the photo. Compared to other methods of traffic enforcement, it does not require motorists to pull over once the violation is committed. Most of the time speed cameras are installed or deployed either mobile or fixed. If deployed mobile, it is usually attached to the police officers vehicle and roams around various places. Fixed cameras are installed along specific roadway places. Photo radar differs slightly from conventional radar due to the beam width. The width of the beam of a photo radar across a roadway is narrower compared to the width of the conventional radar. This enables the detection to be more specific one vehicle at a time. In the case if there are more vehicles in the beam, the camera will not be triggered to take photographs as seen on the diagram below.

Sri Aurobindo

Sri Aurobindo Free Online Research Papers Hindi biro ang dinaanan ng sangkatuhan bago makaabot sa kasalukuyang kalagayan. Dumaan tayo sa sarisaring pagsubok ng kalikasan para patunayan na tayo ang pinakadakilang nilikha sa sandaigdigan. Sa pagtatapos ng Ice Age (mga 2-3 milyong taon na ang nakalilipas), nagwakas ang buhay ng maraming dambuhalang hayop sa kasaysayan ng lupa na sya namang nagluwal sa pamamayani ng tao (Tarbuck at Lutgens, 2003: 143). Ang tao ang nanatiling matatag. Ang tao ang karapat-dapat maghari sa lahat ng nilalang. Sa pamamagitan ng kakayahan ng hayop o tao na makiayon sa mga pagbabago ng kanyang kapaligiran upang mabuhay at ang mahina o hindi makasabay ay namamatay, pinalad ang tao na magpatuloy mamuhay. Higit itong kilala sa tawag na natural selection. Ito ay ang palaging pwersang pumipilit na pabutihin ang kaantasan ng mga uri ng specie sa isang matatag na kapaligiran, upang bigyan lalo ng kalamangan ang specie (Bawler 2003: 170-172). Narito ngayon ang Bagong Tao o Modern Man mula sa mahabang ebolusyon ng Australopithecines, Pithecanthrophines at Neantherdals. 35,000 taon nang namamayani ang Makabagong tao (Brace, 1995). Ang wika ay nananahan sa kaliwang bahagi ng ating utak. Kasama ng wika ay ang pagiging analitikal, mula-sa-malaki-tungo-sa-maliit, pagkakasunod-sunod, pagiging makatwiran, tutok sa oras at pagpapaliban sa ginagawa (Hampden-Turner 1981, 86-89). Ngunit ang utak na ito ay dumaan sa mahabang proseso bago maging ganap na kaagapay ng tao sa pag-iral at pananatiling dominanteng nilalang sa ibabaw ng lupa. Pinaniniwalaan na may bahagi ng utak ng taong nananatiling primitibo. Ito ay ang reptilian at paleomammalian (limbic) brain. Pinaniniwalaang sa reptillian brain naka-program ang instinct ng pagiging tao samantalang sa paleomammalian brain naman nakahimlay ang sarap at hirap na karanasan. Ang mga ito ang naging hanguan-impukan ng buhay at karanasan ng ebolusyon ng tao. Mula sa paghahanap ng pagkain, pang-aakit at iba pang primitibong karanasan ay sinasabing dito nakasalig. Ngunit ang mga utak na ito ay hindi pa sapat ang kakayahan upang isatinig sa isip ang kanilang naiisip o nararamdaman. Hanggang sa tuluyang malinang ang neocortex (neomammalian) brain (ibid, 80-83). Dito na nagtagni ang karanasan at iniisip ng tao. Dito na nagsimulang lapatan ng tao ng pangalan ang mga karanasang pinagdaraanan (tignan ang larawan). Ang Ebolusyon ng Utak ng Tao Ang ebolusyon ng utak ng tao batay sa aklat na Maps of the Mind (Charts and Concepts of the Mind and Its Labyrinths) ni Charles Hampden-Turner p. 81 Bagamat pinaniniwalaan na nasa kaliwang bahagi ng utak ng tao ang wika, hindi maikakaila na sangkot pa rin ang buong utak sa pagproseso ng impormasyon, mula sa pagdama at pagpapadala ng mensahe sa utak, proseso ng impormasyon at pagbubo ng konsepto dito (Pavek 1988, 113-114). Ang Paghahati sa Utak ng Tao Ang pinapalagay na paghahati sa utak ng tao at ang gampanin ng bawat panig batay sa aklat na Maps of the Mind (Charts and Concepts of the Mind and Its Labyrinths) ni Charles Hampden-Turner p. 87 Maaring sa simula, ang apoy ay isang mapang-akit na liwanag sa mga sinaunang tao. At sa kanilang paglapit ay may kakaiba silang naramdaman hatid ng pagbabago ng temperatura. At para sa reptillian brain: apoy=liwanag=init. Samantalang sa paleommalian brain ay: apoy=liwanag=init=ginhawa/hirap dulot ng apoy. At nang malinang nang husto ang neommalian brain ay apoy=liwanag=init=ginhawa/hirap dulot ng apoy=manipulasyon o kontrol ng apoy. Kung ganoon, ang apoy ay hindi lamang isang penomena ng kalikasan ngunit naging bahagi ng pang-araw-araw na karanasan ng tao. At ang salitang ‘apoy’ ay hindi lamang sagisag ng sumasagisag at sinasagisag (signified at signifier) ngunit bumabalot sa apoy ang isanlibo’t isang konsepto hatid ng indibidwal, etniko at pambansang karanasan. Gaya ng mga sumusunod na salita at parirala na kaugnay ng apoy (bilang penomena ng pagliliyab ng mga kemikal o elemento na makikita sa liwanag, dingas at init): Dinilaan ng apoy- nasimulang magliyab Naglaro ng apoy- pakikiapid o pangangalunya Apoy ng impyerno- kaparusahan Apoy sa dibdib- galit Inaapoy ng lagnat- mataas na lagnat Pinanday sa apoy- humusay Inaapuyan-sulsol Maging ang kasabihang â€Å"Ang kahoy na babad man sa tubig, pag nadarang sa apoy, pilit magririkit.† Na nangangahulugang ang taong kahit anong bait o timpi ay nahuhulog din kapag sa tukso naipit. Napakahalaga ng papel ng wika upang maglarawan ito ng naging karanasan ng tao sa kanyang pagiging nilalang. Ipinakikita lamang nito ang drama ng kanyang pakikihamok sa iba’t ibang pwersang bayolohikal, pisikal at etikal. Kung susumahin, ang kasaysayan ng pag-unlad ng tao ay hindi maiaalis sa pagbakas sa pag-unlad ng kanyang utak at wika. †¦ (ang wika) ay tanging bahagi ng kabuuang bayolohikal ng ating utak. Masalimuot at espesyalisadong kasanayan ang wika na nalilinang nang ganoon†¦ dahil dito, ilang cognitive psychologist ang naglarawan sa wika bilang isang sikolohikal na sangkap, isang mental na organ, isang sistemang neural, at isang kagamitan sa pagsusuma (Pinker 1994: 18). Patunay lamang na ginagamit ng tao ang wika sa pagtuos nya sa mga penomena na nangyayari sa kanyang paligid. Patunay rin na kinatawan ng wika ang karanasan ng utak at katawan ng sangkatauhan. Karanasan at Wika: Indibidwal, Etniko at Pambansang Paglalarawan Tinalakay ni John Searle, 1995 (Kay Gripaldo, 2000) ang dalawang uri ng karanasan: ang unang panauhan at ang ikatlong panauhan. Sa una, ang karanasang ontolohikal, ang kasangkot ay sumailalim o sumasailalim. Sya ang tagaganap o biktima ng karanasan. Sa ikatlong panauhang karanasang ontolohikal, pinapalitan ng indibidwal ang pananaw ng nagmamasid. Sa una, mapapansin ang laging gamit ng ‘ako’/‘ko’ (indibidwal) o ‘tayo’/‘natin’ (pampangkatan) ng nagmamasid sa paglalahad ng karanasan. Ito ay tinatawag na karanasang penomenolohikal. Sa ikatlo, ang ‘sya/nya’ o ‘sila’/‘nila’ ay madalas na gamitin. Ito ang tinatawag na karanasang empirikal. Mas mabigat ang ‘ako’/’ko’ kesa sa ‘tayo’/’natin’ dahil posibleng hindi nararanasan ng lahat ang nararanasan ng naglalahad. Gayundin ang ikatlong ontolohikal na karanasan ay higit na kapani-paniwala kesa sa pampangkatang unang panauhang ontolohikal na karanasan. At ang ikatlong karanasan ay ang ikalawang panauhang karanasan. Madalas marinig dito ang ‘ikaw’ at ‘mo.’ Ang mga uri ng ontolohikal na karanasang ito ay nag-uugnay-ugnay, nagkakawing-kawing at nagsasalimbayang penomena upang maglantad ng karanasan ng indibidwal, ng isang pangkat-etniko tungo sa pambansang karanasan. Ang pahayag ng isang indibidwal na â€Å"Masakit ang tyan ko!† na bagamat eksklusibo lamang sa nagsasalita ang karanasan, hindi maaring hindi magawang makaugnay ng sinumang nakaririnig dahil marahil isa itong unibersal na karanasan. Gayundin ang â€Å"Tag-ulan na, kawawa na naman ang Pampanga sa lahar!† na bagamat sa Gitnang Luzon lamang ito nagaganap, nagagawa pa rin ng mga tagapagsalita na makaugnay dahil na sa naging bahagi na ng bokabularyong Filipino ang salitang ‘lahar’. Idagdag pa ang pagbaha ng mga larawan, balita at kontrobersiya na bumalot sa nasabing kalamidad. Ang pahayag na †Nawiwili sya sa telenobela† na bagamat isang empirikal ay masasabing mahirap na itakwil na reyalidad na pambansang karanasan. Walang pribadong wika o ang wika ay publiko (Wittgenstein, 1921) at walang karanasang eksklusibo lamang sa indibidwal. Kung kayat ang bawat karanasan ay nagtutulak sa tao na humanap ng salitang ipanlalapat dito. Kasing kahulugan ito na ang salitang ipinanlalapat ng tao sa isang penomena o karanasan ay nagaganap o nararanasan ng lahat na nabibilang sa isang pangkat o bansa. Posibleng ibuod ngayon na ang karanasan ng isa ay hindi pwedeng hindi kabahagi ng kamalayan ng isang grupo ng tao o bansa. Tama lamang pala si Chomsky nang sabihin nya na ang wika ay karanasan lamang. Ngunit ang bawat salita ay hindi lamang salita. Ang wika ay bunsod ng mahabang ebolusyong pakikipagsapalaran ng tao. Ang pagkakabuo ng salita ay bunga ng simbolikong konsepto ay kailangang lagyan ng simbolikong tinig (Saussure 1959). Sa pagkakalapat ng tao ng salita sa konsepto, nasasaisip nya ang pilosopikal na katangian, tungkulin at naging tuwirang karanasan nya dito. Kaya sa tuwing gagamitin nya ang salitang ito upang kumatawan sa mental na representasyon ginagamit nya ang karanasan ng isang organisadong grupo ng tao na namumuhay tulad nya na may ganoon ding karanasan. May kakayahahan ang taong kumalap ng karunungan at gamitin ito sa bawat pakikipag-ugnayang panlipunan (Joseph 2004: 3). Sa ganitong konteksto, mahihiwatigan natin na napakahalaga ng wika upang pagbuklurin ang mga mamamayan at napagbubuklod ng wika ang mga mamamayan dahil ang wikang kanilang ginagamit ay kumakatawan sa kanilang magkakatulad na paraan ng pamumuhay, paniniwala, gawain o hanapbuhay, saloobin mas angkop sabihin na karanasan. Nakikilala ng indibidwal ang kanyang sarili sa pamamagitan ng kanyang pakikipag-ugnayan at pakikipamuhay sa iisang pamayanan. Nalalaman nya ang kaibahan at pagkakatulad nya sa kanyang mga kasama. Alam nya na sya’y matanda na kung bata ang kanyang nakakausap, alam nya kung babae sya kapag nakakausap sya ng lalake, alam nyang mangingisda sya kung nakakausap nya ang kapwa mangingisda, alam nyang kabilang sya sa isang grupo ng mga tao kung nakakausap nya ang iba pang grupo ng mga tao. Ito rin ang paniniwala sa aklat na †The Language Instinct ( How The Mind Creates Language):† Ang komon na wika ay nag-uugnay sa mga kasapi ng isang pamayanan sa isang ugnayang pagbabahaginan ng impormasyon na may nakamamanghang kolektibong kapangyarihan. Sinuman ay maaring makinabang mula sa kanilang henyo, swerteng aksidente, at karunungan sa pagsubok-pagkabigo na naipon ng sinuman, kasalukyan o lumipas. At ang mga mamamayan ay maaring gumawa ng pangkatan, ang kanilang pagsusumikap ay pinag-uugnay ng kanilang napagkasunduan (Pinker 1994: 16). Sa pakikipag-usap ng tao sa kanyang kapwa, wika ang nagiging daluyan ng mensahe. Ngunit hindi sapat ang kaalaman lamang sa balarila o istruktura ng wikang sangkot sa komunikasyon upang lubusang makuha ang mensahe. May mga kaisipan na hindi naririnig o nababasa ngunit nakasulat na sa isip ng mga nagsasalita o nakikinig dahil naiintidihan nila ang meta-mensahe. Bunga ito ng lubusang pagkaunawa ng nakikinig at nagsasalita sa likaw ng wika at komon na karanasang nagbubuklod sa nag-uusap. Halimbawa ay ang dalawang nag-uusap sa cellularphone: A: Nasaan ka na? Kanina pa ko dito. B: Nandyan na ako. A: Gaano pa katagal? B: Basta, dyan ka lang. Kung gramatika lang ang pagbabatayan, sinumang mag-aaral ng wika ay magsasabi na wasto ang serye ng usapan. Ngunit walang lohika. Hinahanap ni A si B. Pero sa sagot ni B kung nasaan na ito, makakakapa natin na imposibleng mangyari ang sinasabi ni B sa tanong ni A. Dahil kung nandoon na si B, sana ay hindi na maghahanap si A o magpapahintay pa si B kay A. Pero dahil sa gagap nina A at B ang likaw ng wika, nagkakaunawaan na ang dalawa. Na paparating na si B at maghintay dapat si A. Nilalarawan ng wika ang lipunan (mas dapat sigurong sabihing inaalingawngaw). Ang punto ay hindi lamang sa ipanakikita ng diin, talasalitaan at pangkalahatang istilo ng pagsasalita ng isang indibidwal, ngunit maging sa katayuan nito sa lipunan. Ang mga linggwistikong anyo, ang kanilang baryasyon at pagbabago ay nagsasabi rin sa atin tungkol sa kalidad ng kanilang kaugnayang panlipunan sa isang tiyak na kultura o kumpol ng mga kultura (Burke at Porter, eds: 1987, 11). Sa halimbawang usapan sa itaas, lubos na magkakilala sina A at B dahil hindi maglalakas loob si B kay A na paghintayin ito at papaniwalain ni B si A na sya’y malapit na sa lugar ng kanilang tagpuan. Gusto rin naman paalalahanan ni A si B na matagal na itong naghihintay. Kung ganoon, naiintindan ng isa’t isa ang mga pre-eksistidong kundisyon at relasyon kung kayat nagagawa nilang bitawan ang mga gayong pananalita. Nagtiwala ang isa’t isa na makukuha ang mensahe kahit sa ganoong uri ng usapan. Upang makarating ang impormasyon sa isip ng isang tagapakinig sa makatwirang sandali, maaari lamang maitipa ng tagapagsalita ang kapiraso ng mensahe sa mga salita at dapat umasa sa tagapakinig na punan ang iba pa (Pinker 1994: 81). Ito ang mentalese na tinutukoy ni Pinker sa aklat nyang †The Language Instinct (How The Mind Creates Language) :† Ang mentaleses ay ang haypotetkal na †wika ng pag-iisip† o representasyon ng mga konsepto at mga proposisyon sa utak na kung saan nakahimlay ang mga ideya, kabilang ang mga kahulugan ng mga salita at pangungusap. Binabanggit nya na kumpara sa anumang wika, mas mayaman at mas simple sa ibang paraan ang mentalese. At ang pagkatuto ng wika, kung ganoon, ay ang pag-alam kung paano isasalin ang mentalese sa hibla ng mga salita at ang kabaligtaran nito. Wikang Filipino: Wika ng Karanasan ng Bansa Ipinaliwanag ni Constantino (kina Peregrino et al, eds. 2002: 49-52) na ang pagkakaroon ng bokabularyong kumon, maging pagkakahawig kung hindi man magkakapareho sa mga wika sa Pilipinas ay magpapatunay na dumaan ang wikang Filipino sa isang mahabang proseso upang ganap na kumatawan sa karanasan nating lahat. Ang Filipino, bilang Pambasang Lingua Franca ay isang manipestasyon na kinakatawan nito ang mga wika sa Pilipinas. Mahigpit na kabuhol ng buhay ang wika sa karanasan ng tao na parang napakahirap isiping mangyari ang buhay na wala nito (Pinker 1994: 17). Kung kayat masasabing ang laman ng isip na isinawika ng bawat Filipino ay nagbabadya ito ng manipestasyon ng karanasan ng isang indibidwal na tatagos sa kamalayan at karanasan ng bansa. Ang salitang iyon ay hindi lamang kanya, kundi ay wika ng bayan. Ang karanasan nyang iyon ay hindi rin lang kanya, kundi, karanasan ng sambayanan. Ang bawat kaisipang Pilipino, kulturang Pilipino at lipunang Pilipino ay bunga ng karanasang Pilipino. Ang salitang F/Pilipino ay tampok na pang-uri sa mga larangang kaisipan, kultura at lipunan. Mahalaga ang salitang Pilipino bilang pang-uri sa ating bansa at pagiging lahi (Covar kay Salazar 2004: 37). Identidad at Wika: Indibidwal, Etniko at Pambansang Kalakasan Upang mapadali sa tao ang mabuhay laban sa iba’t ibang pwersang pangkapligiran, minabuti nyang makisama sa kanyang mga kauri. Magbuklod-buklod ang may magkakatulad na hilig, nais at paraan ng pamumuhay. Nalinang ang isang komon na wika na nagbubuklod sa kanila. Ngunit sa kabila ng kanyang pakikipamuhay sa piling ng karamihan na halos katulad nya sa maraming aspekto, may nanatili sa indibidwal na tanging sya at sya lang ang nagmamay-ari: ang kanyang identidad. Ang indibidwal ay nagtataglay ng nilikha nyang reyalidad upang gamiting panukat sa sarili at sa labas ng kanyang reyalidad. Ito ang ginagamit nya upang maabot at umabot sa reyalidad at karanasan ng iba. Sa ganitong konteksto, ang indibidwal ay lumilikha ng kanyang identidad na sya nyang batayan sa pagmamalas sa sarili at sa iba. Tatlong uri ng identidad (Joseph 2004: 6). 1. isa para sa tunay na tao at isa para sa likhang tauhan 2. isa para sa sarili at para sa iba 3. isa para sa mga indibidwal at isa para sa mga grupo Nakikilala ng indibidwal ang kanyang sarili sa pamamagitan ng pagkilala ng iba. Nalalaman ng isang tao ang kaibahan nya kung may nakikita syang iba. Nababakas ng tao ang papel nya sa isang pangkat, grupo o etnolinggwistikong grupo kung nakikihalubilo o umiiwas sya dito. Kung kaya sa bawat pagkakataon, ang isang indibidwal ay may nakahandang identidad depende sa pagkakataon at lokasyon. Gaya ng tinutukoy ni Joseph na tatlong uri ng identidad, ang Filipino bilang mamayan ng bansa, kabilang sa etnolinggwistikong pangkat at indibidwal ay nagtataglay ng mga identidad. Tinalakay ni Constantino (kina Peregrino et al, eds. 2002: 57) na ang mismong interaksyong nagaganap sa hanay ng mga nagsasalita (bagamat posibleng may baryasyon) ay isang anyo ng pagpapakilala sa kanyang katayuan sa lipunan na maaring indikasyon ng pakikiisa, pakikilahok, pakikipalagayang-loob, pakikisama o pananaig/pagiging iba nito. Patunay na ang wika ng isang indibidwal ay wika ng kanyang identidad. Gayundin maituturing ang pagsasalita ng isang pangkat-etniko sa kanyang katutubong wika, ipinakikilala lamang ng grupong ito kung sino sila sa lipunan o identidad bilang pangkat-etniko. At gayundin naman tayong mga Filipino sa pagsasalita ng Filipino o ng mga katutubong wika sa Pilipinas, isang repleksyon ng ating identidad bilang isang bansa. Sa pangungusap na, †Ako si Juan, Bulakenyo, isang Filipino† ay nagpapakilala sa tatlong paraan: 1. Ang kanyang sarili bilang isang indibidwal, lumikha sya ng isang tunay na tao na umiiral na may identidad at ito ang nilikha nya upang makilala ng ibang tao. Kung ganoon, ang isang indibidwal ay malay na sa kanyang sarili kung paano sya gustong malasin ng kanyang sarili gayundin ng ibang tao. Sya bilang ’Juan’ ay produkto ng paglikha nya ng identidad. Sya ang lumikha ng idetidad na ’Juan.’ 2. Ang kanyang pagkakakilala sa sarili at ang pagkakakilala sa kanya ng iba, ay ang pangmalas ng indibidwal sa kanyang sarili kung paano nya gustong makilala at ipakilala. Sa puntong ito, malay ang indibidwal sa kanyang identidad na pagkakasipat mula sa labas ng kanyang uniberso. Ito ang pagkakakilala nya kay ’Juan’ na kabilang sa isang etnolinggwistikong grupo o mamamayan ng isang bansa. 3. Para sa ibang tao o grupo ng mga tao na posibleng hindi nakakakilala sa kanya ay lumilikha rin ng identidad si Juan na isang Bulakenyo, na isang Filipino. Walang pagtutol na ang bawat isa sa atin ay lumilikha ng kani-kanyang identidad o pagkakakilanlan. At ang identidad ay lubusan pang naipakikilala sa pamamagitan ng wika. Kung ang bawat etnolinggwistikong pangkat ay may kani-kanyang paraan ng pagsasalita kung paano ipinakikilala ang sarili, o grupong kinabibilangan, kasingkahulugan ito na ang bawat pangkat etniko ay lumilikha ng natatanging identidad kung paano sya gustong malasin o makilala ng iba pang pangkat o indibidwal. Ito ang pagkukuwento natin ng kasaysayan ng ating lahi. Na tayo’y binubuo ng mga pangkat etiniko na may natatanging kani-kanyang wika at identidad ngunit bumubuo pa rin sa iisang bansa. Ang unang palagay, na ang ating pagkakakilanlan/identidad, panggrupo man o pang-indibidwal ay hindi ‘likas na katotohanan’ tungkol sa atin, ngunit mga bagay na ating nililikha- likha o kwento kung tutuusin (Jospeh 2004: 6). Kayat natural na kahit saang sulok man ng daigdig, na nagtitipon-tipon ang mga Filipino sa iisang komunidad at nagtatag ng samahan tulad ng †Filipino Community† ay totooong totoo pa rin ang penomena ng pagsasama-sama ng mga etnolinggwistikong pangkat tulad ng Filipino Waray Associations in Honolulu, Cabalens of Italy, El Caviteno of Germany at iba pa. Hindi dapat ito ituring na kahinaan, bagkus ay kalakasan pa dahil ipinakikita lamang nito ang likas na pagkauhaw ng mga Filipino sa pinagmulang ugat at pagpapakita at pagmamalaki ng identidad. Ang wika ay nakagagawang magpalaki ng grupo nang hindi nasasayang ang oras para maghanap ng pagkain o ang pagbubuklod-panlipunan ng mga tao na kinakailangang upang tapatan ang anumang uri ng kahirapan. Dahil maaring masabi ang mensahe sa iba’t ibang tao nang minsanan na lang, mapapablis natin ang galaw para maayos ang iba†¦ sa kabilang banda, ang wika ay napapakinabangn ng indibidwal upang makahanap ng kakampi o kasama (ibid: 27) . Mabisang pantuhog ang Wikang Filipino upang bigkisin ang identidad ng mga mamamayan sa loob man at sa labas ng bansa dahil kung nagkakasama ang mga Filipino sa iisang lugar sa kabila na sila’y nabibilang sa iba’t ibang etnolinggwistikong pangkat, sinasalita na nila ang lingua franca na magbubuhol at mag-uugnay sa lahat. Ang Wikang Filipino. At dahil dito, nananatiling buhay, masigla at matatag ang identidad ng mga Filipino sa loob at labas man ng bansa dahil sa mayamang kultura na syang kabuhol ng wika. Tinalakay ni Zeus Salazar (2004: 65-70) ang kahalagahan ng matatag at buhay na kultura’t wika ng bawat etnolinggwistikong grupo sa Pilipinas dahil isa itong mabuting tanggulan ng pananaig ng isang maghaharing grupo. Sa Pilpinas ay walang masasabing sentro ng kultura sapagkat ang sentro ng kultura ay nagbuhat sa mga pamayanang kultural na syang batis ng pambansang kultura. Ang pambansang kultura ay binubuo, sa kasalukuyan, ng iba’t ibang daloy at batis mula sa iba’t ibang pamayanan, kasama na rin dito ang mga elementong kultural na buhat sa kanyagang pamayanan (ibid 43). Karanasan at Identidad: Sagwan at Lunday sa Maalong Panahon Hindi nakapagtataka na magawang lampasan ng mga Filipino ang iba’t ibang krisis ng ating panahon. Survivor daw ang mga Filipino. Mas angkop sigurong sabihing survivalist. Mababakas ito sa ating kasabihan. 1. Papunta ka pa lang, pauwi na ako. pagpapaalala ng mga matatanda sa kanilang dinaan na kasalukuyan nating nararanasan 2. Marami ka pang bigas na kakainin.- marami pa tayong dapat maranasan 3. May gatas ka pa sa labi.- hindi pa husto ang wisyo o bata pa 4. Kalabaw lang ang tumatanda.- hindi pagsuko ng matatanda o di pagpapagapi sa katandaan 5. May asim pa.- pagpapakita ng positibong saloobin na pwede pang mapansin 6. Kung saan ka nadapa, doon ka bumangon- indikasyon na harapin ang pinagmulan ng problema at mula sa kinasadlakan, doon ay muling magsimula 7. Kung nakakakain ang pito, makakain ang walo- pagkakamada ng mapagkukunang yaman upang makatulong sa iba sa pamamagitan ng pagpaparaya 8. Pag maliit ang kumot, matutong mamaluktot- pinagkakasya, pinagtityagaan kung ano lang ang meron Ilan pang indikasyon ng desperadong hangarin ng mga Filipinong mabuhay at manatiling lumalaban ay ang tulad ng: higpit ng sinturon, kapit sa patalim, kayod-marino, trabahong kalabaw, pasang-krus at marami pang iba. Makikita sa mga halimbawa kung anong uri ng mga mamamayan ang mga Filipino, matiisin, mapagpasensya, matulungin at iba pang mga katangian na minsan ay tila nanghihikayat sa pang-aabuso, pang-aapi o panlulupig. Ngunit, batay sa ating karanasan, mahaba ang pasensya ng mga Filipino ngunit natututo tayo sa karanasan. Lumalaban kung kinakailangan at magtanda. Gaya ng mga kasabihang, †lintek lang ang walang ganti, may araw ka rin, maghahalo ang balat sa tinalupan, magtago ka na sa pinanggalingan mo, gyera patani, isama mo pa ang lelong mong panot†. At dahil sa impluwensya ng mass madia, naging bahagi na rin ng kasabihang Filipino ang †hindi ka na sisikatan ng araw, isang bala ka lang, bukas tatakpan ka ng dyaryo.† Ang mga halimbawa sa itaas ay patunay na buo ang identidad ng mga Filipino bilang isang bansang kapwa mahinahon sa pagkagalit, matiisin ngunit masamang sinasagad sa galit. Ito marahil ang namamayaning ideolohiya ng mga Filipino. Kung kayat ang paglaya sa mga Kastila at Amerikano ay hindi madali ngunit naging makulay ang pagkakahiwalay, na dalawampung taon ng diktadurya at batas militar ang kinakailangan upang pumalag ang mga Filipino, at panggigigil ng mga Filipino nang hindi payagan ng labing-isang senador na hindi buksan ang sobre na may kinalaman sa Jose Villarde account bago pa tuluyang lumabas ng bahay at pumunta sa lansangan upang ipahayag ang pagkadismaya. Kayat tama si Fairclough (2001) nang sabihin nya na ang wika ay syang tagapagdala at nagsasalehitimo ng ideolohiya. Masasalamin sa Wikang Filipino ang identidad at karanasang dinaan ng ating kasaysayan. †¦ iginigiit ng maraming eksperto sa kasaysayan, sosyolohiya at politika na ang pag-iral ng pambansang wika ay ang pangunahing batayan na kung saan ang pambansang ideolohiya ay binuo†¦ may iba naman na mas binigyang-diin na ang pambansang wika ay hindi talaga likas, ngunit nilikha ng mga mamamayan bilang bahagi ng tungkuling ideolohikal sa pagbubuo ng bansa (Joseph 2004: 94). Ang Karanasan at Identidad ng mga Filipino sa pagiging Multi-lingual Isa sa nilutas ng wikang Filipino ay ang pagiging eksklusibo ng wikang pambansa sa mga Tagalog. Pinatunayan na ng maraming literatura, pag-aaral at pananaliksik na malaking bulto ng mga salita sa Pilipinas ay halos magkakatunog, magkakahawig sa anyo at may iisang kahulugan. Gayundin, kung maluwag ang pagtanggap ng Filipino sa mga hiram na salita, ano pa kaya sa mga katutubong wika sa Pilipinas? Sa katunayan, maaari pa ngang magamit ang mga katutubong salita sa Pilipinas bilang hanguan ng panapat o salin sa mga salita o konsepto na wala sa Tagalog. Nandyan ang gahum, tarong, lawas, danum at iba pa. Dahil mababang lugar o patag ang Rehiyong Tagalog, hindi nakakaranas ito ng ‘fog’ kung kayat walang salitang panumbas ang mga Tagalog sa fog. Hindi kasi ito bahagi ng karanasan ng mga Tagalog. Ngunit meron nito ang ibang etnolinggwistikong grupo na nakararanas ng nasabing penomenong fog. May ‘lina-a’w ang mga Ilokano. Pero kahit walang ‘fog’ sa Tagalog at may ‘lina-aw’ sa mga Ilokano, nagiging karanasan pa rin ng buong bansa ang karanasan ng mga Ilokano. Tumatagos sa buong bansa ang pakbet, buro, kanin, danggit, inasal, tapuy, amok at lambanog. Tumatagos ang kultura, identidad at karanasan ng bawat etnolinggwistikong grupo sa buong bansa maging sa maraming parte ng daigdig dahil sa pananalita ng wika at kultura ng mga grupong ito. Samantala, may isang pambansang lingua franca na Filipino na napagbuklod ang mga grupong ito upang makabuo ng isang pambansang karanasan at identidad. Mismong sa klasipikasyon ng karaniwang reyalidad ay magkakaugnay ang mga grupong etnolinggwistikong Pilipino ibig sabihin, sa daigdig ng mga konsepto at ideya, malalim ang pagkakaugnay ng mga Pilipino sa loob ng Kalinangang Bayan (Salazar 2004: 68). Konklusyon Matagal nang tapos ang usapin ng pagiging maka-Tagalog lamang ang Filipino. Matagal na ring tapos ang usapin na walang kakayahan ang wikang Filipino na kumatawan sa iba’t ibang karanasan, identidad at kakanyahan ng bawat etnolinggwistikong grupo sa Pilipinas. Sa paggiging multi-linggwal na bansa ng Pilipinas pinaghati-hati sa mga isla at tubig, ang mga katutubong wika sa Pilipinas ay mainam na hanguan ng inspirasyon at repleksyon ng kakayahan ng mga Filipinong manatiling nakatayo at matatag sa kabila ng hindi birong hamon ng kasaysayan. Kailangan ng Cebuano ang Tosino’t longganisa ng Kapampangan, kailangan ng Hiligaynon ang pagka-oragon ng Bicol sa pamamagitan ng sili at gata nito, kailangan ng Tagalog ang pakbet ng Ilokano sa loob man at sa labas ng bansa, sa kabila ng pagkakaroon ng iba’t ibang katutubong wika, may isang pambansang lingua franca na magtatagni at mag-uugnay ng magkakatulad na karanasan at identidad ang Wikang Filipino. Sanggunian: Bawler, Peter J. 2003. Evolution, The History of an Idea. Third edition. Penguin. London. Burke, Peter at Porter, Roy. 1987. The Social History of Language. Cambridge University Press. N.Y., USA. Gripaldo, Rolando. 2000. Filipino Philosohpy (Traditional Approach, Part 1, Section 1)De La Salle University Press. Maynila, Pilipinas. Hampden-Turner, Charles. 1981. Maps of the Mind (Charts and Concepts of the Mind and its Labyrinths). Collier Books, Mitchell Beazley Publishers, London, UK. Jospeh, John E. 2004. Language and Identity (National, Ethnic, Religious) Palgrave Mc Millan. N.Y., USA. Loring Brace,C.1995). 1995. The Stages of Human Evolution, Fifth Edition. Mc Millan. London, UK. Peregrino, Jovy M. Et al eds. 2002. Minanga: Mga Babasahin sa Varayti at Varyasyon ng Filipino. Sentro ng Wikang Filipino. Sistemang Unibersidad ng Pilipinas, Lunsod ng Quezon, Pilipinas. Pinker, Steven.1994. The Languge Instinct (How The Mind Creates Language)William Morow and Company. NY, USA. Pvek, Gary V. 1988. A Guide to the Mind. Educational Broadcasting Corporation, Praeger Publishers, NY, USA. Salazar, Zeus ed. 2004. Sikolohiyang Panlipunan-at-Kalinangan: Panimulang Pagbabalalangkas ng Isang Larangan. Palimbagan ng Lahi. Lunsod ng Quezon, Piliinas. Tarbuck, Lutgens. 2003. Earth Science, tenth edition. Mc Millan. London, UK. 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