Design a preliminary research proposal to study the relationship Essay

Design a preliminary research proposal to study the relationship between breast cancer and fruit & vegetable consumption - Essay Example In the last decade there were determined following risk factors for breast cancer occurrence: family history of breast cancer, early menarche, personal history of breast cancer and previous abnormal breast biopsy, late menopause, race, age, the continuous use of the hormonal preparations, null parity, refuse of breast feeding, obesity etc. Nevertheless the role of dietary factors in breast cancer epidemiology is still unclear. The recent national survey conducted in the United Kingdom was designed as a cohort study assessing the diet of British citizens. This survey (Cancer Research UK EPIC-Oxford study) was aimed to determine the impact of dietary factors on the hormone production and relative risk of breast cancer (van Gils et al., 2005). The primary statistical analysis showed the presence of correlation between the blood levels of estrogens and intake of phytoestrogenes, food fibres, saturated and trans fatty acids, refined sugars etc. Contrarily, there were determined characteristics of the diet having preventive impact on the breast health. Thus low-protein diet and diet restricted in fat and sugars was correlated with lower breast cancer risk. Some investigators discussed the role of fruits and vegetables in the prevention of breast cancer (Freudenheim et al., 1996, Gandini et al., 2000; Smith-Warner S., 2001; Adzersen et al., 2003). The WCRF/AICR guideline (1997) includes recommendations to decrea se the quantities of animal food (red meat, fat) and alcohol and to enrich diet with fruits and vegetables (see table 1 in the Appendix). Some researchers found that both vegetables and fruits intake can decrease breast cancer risk. For example Freudenheim et al. (1996) suggested that the intake of vegetables decreases a risk of premenopausal breast cancer. The authors explain protective impact of the vegetables by the high content of the antioxidant agents (e.g.beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin) in green vegetables. Similar data were obtained in the meta-analysis performed by the group of Italian researchers (Gandini et al., 2000). They confirmed the existence of the association between lower breast cancer risk and the intake of vegetables and fruits. On the other hand van Gils et al. (2005) stated in their prospective study that there were "observed no association of risk with either total consumption of vegetables and fruits or with vegetable subgroups" (p. 191). Accordingly to this statement there was developed a deduction about the absence of any significant protective effects for vegetable or fruit intake in relation to breast cancer risk. But the hypothesis about the possibility of such effects is still applicable for the observation of specific subgroups of females. Yorkshire Breast Cancer Research Group reported about the significant declining mortality from breast cancer in this England's largest county (Pisani & Forman, 2004). Authors did not discuss the role of diet in this declining, but they considered that it was rather a result of the long-term effects of both mammography screening and increased use of systemic therapy (p. 152). Yorkshire community took part in the EPIC-Oxford study; nevertheless there were not assessed issues of traditional Yorkshire meal characterising with prevalence of starchy and fatty food (e.g. Yorkshire pudding, Yorkshire parkin, fat rascals etc). Thus regional

Birth Control Psychological Research Essay Example for Free

Birth Control Psychological Research Essay The article written by Edward Pohlman in October of 1966 brought up interesting points in relation to psychologist and birth control. It provided both independent variables and dependent variables that helped to show why individuals decide on contraception, or decide not to use them. He pushed to show why psychologist haven’t done much research in the area of birth control and their related topics, by suggesting that non-psychologist are the researchers that boast interest in studying the topic because of potential overpopulation problems. I think the decision to treat independent and dependant variables about psychological effects of using birth control is relevant to all people that take part in intercourse and having children because these decisions are critical choices in life that decide whether future children will be able to thrive on our planet, and live without psychological damages from parental neglect. Some variables include, but are not limited to the number of children wanted, contraception’s, and measured personality. (Pohlman, Eugenics Quarterly.). Some psychological factors that were pointed out to be some major independent variables were total family size, mother’s age at first birth, duration of marriage, spacing between births, sex of the children, inability to have children, adoption and celibacy. (Polhman, Eugenics.). â€Å"Psychologist do not play key roles in whether or not countries engage in extensive use of birth control planning, or to control their population, rather private companies are relied upon to handle technical assistance and procedures.† (Journal of Social Issues.). This is the problem that needs to be addressed and accounted for; however, the author doesn’t provide evidence or notation of where, who, what, and how the study is taking place. He continues with, psychologists play an important role in contraception because they h ave the intelligence and â€Å"know-how† (Pohlman, Edwards.). to intervene with a patients and help the people decide if birth control is something that is an option or not. Once again the author is providing a statement rather than actual facts to lead on his arguments, but the argument is sound. Some studies that psychologist participated in were promoting the idea of contraception to both smaller families and that of larger families. The idea was to provide the idea that contraception wasn’t necessarily a problem and that they had to deal with, rather more of an option. The problem with this particular independent variable is that relationships with one culture could be completely different with relationships with other cultures. Population densities take psychological effects, so studies found that since the world population was a major concern then they would target high populated areas to conduct their research. These studies are important because of the food supply that would rapidly decline as the population increased. (Pohlman, Journal of Social Issues.). The author could have researched a graph and included it in his argument for a more frontal approach to help the reading see the truth in which he is attempting to provide. Psychologists found that the same psychological effects can be played in reverse when giving birth to a child. In a large probability sample of American wife’s in 1960, 17% were willing to admit that their latest conception had not really been wanted by both spouses. (Whelpton,Cambell, Patterson, 1966, Pp.235-239.). As a parent, you have responsibility to your child, but having a psychologist discuss the precautions involved both positive and negatives, can make you question ones desirability and how you feel about having another child or not. According to Edward Pohlman it’s more profitable for a psychologist to study the effects on psychological depend ent variables such as, contraception and birth planning procedures, births of circumstances in the family, and population characteristics. This is why psychologist wait to conduct their research as opposed to taking the study from the start. Studies have shown that that any psychological factors that could influence anyone in a given culture towards having children, or having more children would not show up for the testing. (The Psychology of Birth Planning.). Psychologist also found that social class or even religious preferences tend to play a key role in decision making time that can be psychological in its self. â€Å"Every form of contraception has psychological effects on the person using them sexually.† (Edward Pohlman.). The article didn’t provide any data on psychological effects sexually, but it can be justified through the research of sterilization, abortion, infanticide, and abstinence. (Whelpton, P. K., Campbell, A. A., Patterson.). in Edwards research he didn’t provide examples. Another form of dependent variable that was acknowledged was the effects of guilt. Guilt has been found to be one of the biggest issues when regarding to religious beliefs, rationalization and other phenomena related instances. (The Psycology of Birth Planning). Once again Edward Pohlman doesn’t provide proof to justify his statements; which is disappointing. In conclusion, the author leaves the reader questioning his argument because of the lack of data that he is able to extract from psychological studies. In my opinion, his sources are valid sources; however, to complete his argument that psychologist haven’t done enough research in the area of birth control and related topics, he needs to dig deeper and find sources that can find a better way to link the psychological factors on birth control and psychologists studies. This will help him complete his argument that without contraception our planet will be doomed do to over population. I also think he needs to find more information on the experiment entirely in its self. The studies took place in small and large populated areas, ok? As the reader, I want detail as to how the study was conducted? How many participants were involved? He gives examples of problems that could potentially be a disadvantage for psychologist. Edward Pohlman was correct that not enough studies are being conducted by psychologist. His argument is sound and on point.

The Three Tales of Cymbeline Essay -- Shakespeare Cymbeline Essays

The Three Tales of Cymbeline Cymbeline has always been a difficult play to categorize. The original collection of Shakespeare's plays, "The First Folio" (published in 1623), classifies it as a tragedy; modern editors have revised that to comedy, and to distinguish it further from other comedies, it is also referred to, along with The Tempest, The Winter's Tale, and Pericles, as a romance. Of course, like so many other plays of Shakespeare, these classifications are only guidelines rather than definitions, for an attempt to analyze a work of art according to somewhat arbitrary classifications is to diminish the very essence - its originality - that makes it a work of art. Undoubtedly, there are many aspects, patterns, and rhythms in this play that echo through several of Shakespeare's other tragedies, comedies, and even histories, for he used all his plays to view and explore a multi-faceted human condition from a variety of angles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There appear to be three main narratives to Cymbeline - the tale of Imogen and Posthumus, with the villainous Iachimo lurking beside them, poised to destroy their happiness; the story of two sons, Guiderius and Arviragus, who have been separated from their father and are eventually restored to him; and the successful defense of Britain by King Cymbeline against foreign invasion, the one character most involved with all three stories, hence the name of the play. The understructure supporting these three plots is a virtual labyrinth of sub-plots and strands that shift in and out of each tale until the final scenes at the end, when Shakespeare, in a masterful denouement, perhaps unparalleled even in his own plays, weaves each skein (some two dozen or so), into a... ...end, King Cymbeline calls for a lasting peace between Rome and England, a peace that is a fitting resolution not only to the war but also to the internal conflicts, as wives and husbands, fathers and children return in harmony to one another. But Cymbeline, for all its tragicomic patterns, romantic devices, and historical pretensions, is at heart, as Northrop Frye put it, "a pure told tale, featuring a cruel stepmother with her loutish son, a calumniated maiden, lost princes brought up in a cave by a foster father, a ring of recognition that works in reverse, villains displaying false trophies of adultery and faithful servants displaying equally false trophies of murder, along with a great firework display of dreams, prophecies, signs, portents, and wonders." It is a complex journey of love, forgiveness, jealousy, murder, war, and peace.

Affirmative Action Essay -- essays papers

Affirmative Action Affirmation Action In Today Society: Myths and Facts As America nears the end of the twentieth century, we still face many lingering problems that stand unresolved. One of the most pressing and difficult problems is that of human relations, or to many, the trigger word race relations. For over 225 years America has been trying to fulfill the promise of the founders of this nation that â€Å"All Men Are Created Equal†, yet we still see institutionalized injustices and discrimination. Therefore, this paper attempts to look at one controversial issue that was implemented to correct previous human relation injustices of our nations. This issue is Affirmative Action. To examine affirmation action, this paper looks at the origin of affirmative action programs, U.S. Supreme Court affirmative action debate, employment and affirmative action, and finally myths and facts about affirmative action. I hope that through this paper these issues can be presented to gain a better understanding of affirmative action in today’s society. Affirmative action is a policy assigned to increase representation of women and minorities in business, educational institutions and government. It origin lies in the legislation that came out of the civil right movement of the 1960’s. The Civil Right Act of 1964 was passed, which forbids discrimination unions, employment agencies, and business employing more than 25 employees. However, the tasks for enforcement of this law had been immense and extremely difficult. In an endeavor to redress the systematic discriminations of the past, especially against blacks, remedial programs often called "affirmative action" were undertaken by educational institutions, unions, and governments. These programs required a percentage of minorities – group (racial minority and women) representation goal and a timetable for accomplishment of that goal. The basic premise was to level to playing ground for minorities. Almost, immediately from its inception affirmative action program has been controversy. The process of minority goals and percentages created a powerful† â€Å"white backlash†. Critics charge that the ratios are not goals but quotas and that affirmative action programs really call for reverse discrimination (discrimination against white males). Resolution of this conflict is difficult. While it is true that some minority group ... ... doors by themselves. In a perfect world program such, as Affirmative Actions would not be needed. Personnel decisions would be basis upon each individual’s abilities and qualifications, without regards to gender or ethnic group. However, we are far from a perfect world. As long as we have prejudices, hatred, and discrimination in society, programs of Affirmative Action will be necessary. Bibliography: Coleman, James William, and Cressey, Donald R. Social Problem. 5th ed. Harper Collins College Publishers. New York. 1993. 188-190 Levenson, Alec R., and Williams, Darrell L. Interracial America: Opposing View, â€Å" Affirmative Action Combat Unintentional Racism†, Greenhaven Press Inc., San Diego, 1996, 154-158 Bender, David and Leone, Bruno. Work: Opposing Viewpoints, â€Å"Affirmative Action Promotes Equality†, Greenhaven Press Inc., San Diego, 168-176 Collier’s Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Sierra Home, 1998 Reflective in Race Relation, Online, www. Elibrary.com, 18 Feb. 1999 Coleman, Jonathan. Long Way To Go: Black & White In America, Atlantic Monthly Press, New York, 1997 Carter, Stephen L., Reflections of an Affirmative Action Baby, Basic Books, New York,

My Break-up with My Fiancé

Had my fiance and I decided to end our relationship for personal reasons, and were our feelings relatively mutual on the matter, our break-up might not have been so devastating. The reality of the situation, however, is that my parents directly contributed to the end of our engagement and subsequently, our relationship, which made the experience all the more awful. My fiance and I had been dating for nearly seven months, and I had always maintained a level of secrecy about our relationship with my family, as I’ve done with all of my relationships. I simply do not enjoy discussing significant others with them.Then one day my parents sat me down, having heard about my fiance from a mutual friend. They were very upset, my mother especially so, but they did their best to remain calm while they explained plainly how I could no longer see my fiance. My dad was robotic and monotone, and seemed to take his cues from my mother, who just sat there glaring at me. Every once in awhile she would speak up and say things to the tune of, â€Å"We don’t know how you could do this to us,† or â€Å"We expected so much more of you,† or any number of other cliches parents use to guilt trip their children.After nearly three hours of talking, during which we stormed around the house, my mother and I shouting at each other for brief intervals, and my father leaving several times to take calls (though I suspect he faked them, just needing a break) I finally agreed to stop seeing my fiance. I couldn’t believe the words came out of my mouth, or that I even entertained the notion, but bit by bit my mother’s banshee-like outbursts and my father’s dead calm wore me down. I have not seen my fiance since.

buy custom United States American History essay

buy custom United States American History essay The construction of many factories and mills started in the early 1800s (Saddleback, 2008). During this period of time, most workplaces in the factories required neither special skills nor exceptional strength, which encouraged factory owners to employ both women and men. Factory owners liked female workers because they seemed to be more obedient and better than their male counterparts were (Saddleback, 2008). However, economic laws forced the female workers to work harder regardless of a constant pay. The hard work forced children to help their mothers in the factories (Saddleback, 2008). This discussion will consider the major hardships factory workers experienced in the 1800s and one effort that workers made for improved working lives. In the late 1800s, workers experienced a number of problems, namely hard physical labor, low pay, long working-day, and unsafe and unhealthful working conditions (Saddleback, 2008). Factories experienced stiff competition because of the increment in the number factories and firms. This forced the factory owners to decrease wages with an aim of minimizing the cost of production and the price of finished products (Saddleback, 2008). The factory owners increased the number of machines for the women workers. Most workers, especially children and women, received no compensation for injury or illness, and feared losing their jobs in case they joined unions or complained (Saddleback, 2008). However, many workers started to form labor unions in order to protect their rights and interests. The labor union members would agree on the remunerations they thought were proportional to the portion of work (Saddleback, 2008). Later on, the union members campaigned against child labor and for ten hours working-day. Eventually, the factory workers formed national unions in hope of ameliorating working conditions and increasing wages (Saddleback, 2008). The unions efforts resulted in many protests and strikes. In many cases, protests and unions proved to be effective. Buy custom United States American History essay

Challenges Within Youth Services †Education Essay

Challenges Within Youth Services – Education Essay Free Online Research Papers Challenges Within Youth Services Education Essay Within the context of youth work and the experiences of a youth worker an expansive range of diverse and multi-faceted issues, challenges and opportunities arise, exist and are intrinsically embedded in the provision of services to young people. It is virtually incomprehensible to conceptualise the diverse range of issues, challenges and opportunities experienced by all youth workers within all youth work areas of service. Rather we can overview and examine holistically the major issues, challenges and opportunities underpinning the contemporary discourse of the youth worker and youth service provision. It may also be important to note that many opportunities and challenges experienced may be deconstructed and compartmentalised within the framework of a broader issues thus enabling us to understand fundamental concerns informing and underlying practice. A major issue facing youth workers and youth services within our contemporary context is professionalism. Although this is primarily the concern of the youth worker, youth services are affected in all levels by this contentious issue. A undercurrent perception not uncommon regarding youth work often conceptualises and services as â€Å"positioned at the point of failure of mainstream† (Bessant et al 1998 p313) and youth workers at best an agent of social change holding the young person’s welfare at paramount concern (O’Shea 2005) at worst a worker uneducated or unaware of the needs of young people who may just be â€Å"hanging out† with young people or working against the interests of young people in fulfilling the interests of other parties rather than the youth (Bessant et al 1998) Youth Work is situated in a unique intermediatory position, as it does not fit within the existing framework of what constitutes a disciplined profession, which authoritatively includes elements such as formal training, a recognised body of knowledge, a code of ethics and registration with a professional association (Sercombe 1997 p19). Rather youth work is defined as â€Å"constituted by a particular kind of relationship between a professional and young people† (Bessant et al 1998 p230) with â€Å"the youth worker engaging the young person as the primary constituent† (Sercombe 1997 p18). Challenges faced regarding professionalism are plentiful especially for the youth worker as the common misperception of youth work as not a real job or profession may be detrimental to the youth worker and the youth service(Bessant et al 1998). This situation is somewhat exacerbated by the lack of specific qualification required for entry into the youth work sector and the limited avai lability of a specific body of knowledge, theoretical frameworks or literary contribution on youth work itself (Bessant et al 1998) This is challenging and at times may be compromising due to â€Å"the limited community understanding of the skills, qualifications and training of youth workers.† (Maunders and Broadbent 1995 p22) Educational options for youth workers although improving are still very limited and scarce, often disallowing youth workers or potential youth workers from developing a theoretical framework of understanding from which to conceptualise the planning and implementation of youth work practices (Maunders and Broadbent 1995) The lack of a youth work code of ethics is an issue of current contention with a calling for greater regulation and guidelines as a method to improve the standing of youth work comparatively to complementary disciplines such as Social Work or Psychology. (Sercombe 2002) Currently a draft code of ethics for Australia has been proposed by Howard Sercombe in attempt to gain greater clarity and unity of the youth work sector (Sercombe 2002) However at present youth workers and youth services must independently articulate and implement their own ethical standards and practices which may be problematic to the youth worker and youth service. A lack of cohesion and potential discrepancy between definitions and applications of ethical conduct may result in substandard quality or possibly harmful services for young people. This subsequently may further lead to the conceptualisation of youth work as unprofessional or even unethical. (Bessant et al 1998) The lack of recognition of youth workers by any youth work professional association is also a potential issue and challenge for youth workers and the youth sector with an exclusion from specific employment opportunities for youth workers in some governmental departments or in specific human services roles requiring professional recognition. (Bessant et al 1998) Dichotomous opportunities may be conceptualised when examining professionalism for both the youth worker and youth services. A dynamic and flexible approach to youth work for both the youth worker and the youth service may prove to be beneficial when â€Å"the lack of consensus means no blanket rules can be imposed on youth work as a profession† (Sercombe 1997 p21) This allows the individual youth worker to use their own devices to construct personal professional standards and ethics to adhere to while remaining adaptive and flexible to a wide range of issues and situations. Youth workers often also engage in the profession coming from various backgrounds and it must be recognised that the variety of disciplines, knowledge and experience applied to youth work practice is an opportunity for skill sharing and striving for the benefit of young people in a diverse and reflective manner. (Sercombe 1997) The youth service may also benefit from this adaptability with the opportunity to construct services without bureaucratic intervention or governance resulting in the idyllic possibility of an egalitarian and participatory approach and structure of youth work provision a benchmark to aspire to, differing from the rigidity and formal structure of many human and social service provision. (Bessant et al 1998) This may not always be able to be practically implemented however it may be prevalent in the theoretical construction of aims, objectives and overall purpose of a youth service. Juxtaposed to this we may consider professionalism as an opportunity that youth services and youth workers especially may wish to explore in the future in order to ensure that certain standards of conduct and practice be established for the youth worker and the youth service for holistic and consistent practice while simultaneously attempting to accommodate the diversity of approaches and practices in order to avoid a repercussion of rigid or maladaptive practice. Approaching some form of professionalisation of a well established sector might indeed prove inventive and successful in raising standards, increasing the flow of ideas and ensuring the greatest quality of service for young people. Another issue faced by youth workers and services is adapting to and accommodating to the needs of a diverse range of young people with multiple needs in an ever-changing environment. (Bessant et al 1998) A challenge to address and assist young people with their issues without limiting their experience â€Å"around the social stratification of age despite the fact that this is not the most stratifying factor in most young people’s lives.† (Stewart 1998 p36) which may be an increasing relevant challenge to youth workers and services as vast arrays of issues are faced in collaboration with young people. This may also be an opportunity for youth workers and youth services to further attempt to identify the multiple and diverse of young people and explore in consultation with young people possible avenues to adequately address and cater for diverse issues and clients within the youth service. The current political context within which we are located is a determinative component when exploring issues, opportunities and challenges of the youth worker and youth services. (Bessant et al 1998) A gradual transition into the adoption of conservative policy reform and service provision (O’Shea 2005) has proliferated into an issue of major concern to the youth sector with agendas of economic reform and economic rationalism (O’Shea 2005) manifesting public discourse prioritised over notions of social justice and empowerment, a prerogative of previous governmental policy. (Bessant et al 1998) The new neo-liberalist conservative policies (O’Shea 2005) governmentally embraced have resulted in the â€Å"re-shaping the way governments make policy and deliver youth related services.† (Bessant 1997 p36) This shift in the public sector has subsequently detrimentally impacted the youth sector with a movement towards increased competition, deregulation, privatisa tion and the introduction of new management practices such as competitive tendering and managerialism (Bessant et al 1998) in result forcing â€Å"public services to adopt practices of the private market, which some people argue is in conflict with the values underlying human service provision.† (Bessant et al 1998 p307) Many challenges have arisen within youth services and for youth workers with the movement towards the value principles of the market. (O’Shea 2005) A shift away from the value of quality and process within youth services towards quantity and outcome and that which is quantifiable and measurable ((Bessant et al 1998) in an attempt of â€Å"re-orientation based on concerns about minimising costs and maximum efficiency.† (Bessant et al 1998 p308). Although this is rationalised by the government as viable there are little opportunities for youth workers or youth services within this current schema of conservatism. (O’Shea 2005) Youth services and youth workers face multiple challenges as an attempt to provide the highest quality service amiss a market structure contradictory to their purpose (Bessant et al 1998) Restructuring or closure of services, higher accountability to governmental departments, pressure to compromise goals or philosophical viewpoint, funding unc ertainty, increasing job and service security as well as increasing workloads (Bessant et al 1998) have characterised this shift with the effectiveness measured by youth workers and services by â€Å"evaluating their ability to meet certain performance measurements, rather than their ability to contribute to broader social change.† (Bessant et al 1998 p310) The conflicting interests of youth workers and youth services in contrast with the government have increased pressure on services and workers increasing bureaucratic processes and output focus (Bessant et al 1998) which may detract in some manner from the ability of workers and services to work with and represent the needs of young people and possibly can compromise quality and availability of services. Funding of youth services is central to these concerns becoming increasingly competitive and prohibitive to get funding from the government (Bessant et al 1998) This has led to increasing job insecurity and heavier work responsibilities for youth workers (Bessant et al 1998) which is of increasing concern as the work environment of the youth worker is a significant factor to â€Å"strongly influence the way youth work is approached† (Bourke 2000 p41) These factors along with the potentially volatile nature of working conditions of the youth worker and the less than generous financial remuneration culminate in a less than satisfactory environment for a youth worker to become engaged in. (Bessant et al 1998) Youth peak organizations are also of major concern when examining the broader context of service provision within our current political milieu. (Bessant and Webber 2001) Funding cuts disbanded the Australian Youth Policy and Action Coalition (AYPAC) in 1999 echoing the government’s de-prioritising of youth concerns resulting in the formation of a youth roundtable which is unable to adequately address and represent the overall needs of the youth sector and services in collaboration with the remaining state peak bodies (Bessant and Webber 2001) This may pose an increasing challenge on youth services and also on the youth worker as inadequate representation and support to lobby and represent the needs and rights of young people and the youth work sector may have a detrimental impact on current and future service provision and the ability to have the voices and experiences of young people listened to and prioritised. (Bessant and Webber 2001) There is a diverse and ever changing range of options for youth workers and youth services in attempting to ensure that they embrace and act on arising opportunities as well as develop opportunities from issues and challenges or appropriately address issues and challenges to conceptualise, deconstruct and re-develop issues and challenges into an active framework within which movement and change are focal and explicit. This can be projected in our exploration of professionalism within youth work practice and its implications for the youth worker and youth services. Issues and challenges can be deconstructed and reconceptualized as opportunities which youth workers and youth services can take advantage of for the benefit of young people and their service provision. Opportunities exist in establishing a more concrete standards of conduct and practice relating to ethics and prioritising the young person within practice as a worker’s paramount concern (Bessant et al 1998) If this was to be approached effectively with the collaboration and consultation of young people, youth workers and youth services, standards and guidelines may be able to be establish which attempt not to impinge on the flexible and dynamic nature of youth work. The expansive knowledge and experience within the youth work sector may be an important inclusive factor in establishing ethics and standards as although many youth wo rkers may resist professionalisation due to potential inflexibility or exclusion, not many youth workers would argue a lack of support for ensuring the highest quality service and standards for young people. (Bessant et al 1998) Incorporating a bottom up development approach in establishing ethics and standards of practice also enables factors which may previously have not been considered to be brought into question and incorporated as relevant to the youth work sector. Establishing ethics and standards in a well developed and dynamic human service sector may achieve an insight and understanding not previously achieved or realistically articulated which may be a strength youth workers and youth services can build upon. Increasing educational options for existing youth workers and potential youth workers is another opportunity for youth workers and youth services in responding to the needs of young people and working towards the greatest benefit for each young person. Increasing educational opportunities has potential beneficial implications for youth work. These include an increase in youth worker skills including theoretical understanding; communication, understanding and conceptualising youth work practice and gaining practical experience within an educational context (Maunders and Broadbent 1995) Greater training opportunities may lead to a further development of a more specific body of knowledge encapsulating youth work and a greater literary contribution to the youth work sector in Australia. (Maunders and Broadbent 1995) Emphasis on the need for an increase in youth work educational opportunities and the development of appropriate strategies to raise awareness to this may involve advocacy for more tafe and university options and working on other methods within youth services to ensure workers have educational opportunities and opportunities to pursue interests or their knowledge base regarding young people and their needs. (Maunders and Broadbent 1995) There is an ever present expectation and pressure on youth workers and youth services to solve a plethora of young people’s issues and consistently provide a high quality, equitable service for young people within which they prioritised as the youth worker’s and youth service’s paramount concern. (Bessant et al 1998) This expectation although not unreasonable, fails to be contextualised within the broader spectrum of the political systems it is intrinsically tied to. The current neo-liberalist conservative focus of our government (Bessant et al 1998) has further problematised and challenged youth workers and services making service provision increasingly difficult. The youth sector faces quite a challenge if it wishes to adjust governmental thinking or appeal to the government’s sense of equality (Bessant et al 1998) thus in order to respond effectively to welfare service marginalisation by the government (Bessant et al 1998) youth workers and youth servi ces must build their support network to strengthen their lobbying and political power. (Bessant et al 1998) Improving the unity and communication between youth services would be an important step as well as attempting to strengthen state youth peak bodies and work towards the re-establishment of an adequate national youth peak body to address and represent the needs and rights of young people. A clear collaboration and identification of the needs of the youth sector would be beneficial in maintaining paramount focus on young people and the clear establishment of the position and principles underlying youth services relative to the governmental policies to work towards a more equitable of support and resources to the youth sector. Issues, opportunities and challenges facing youth workers and youth services are multi-faceted and entwined in contexts within which opportunities and challenges are often embedded within broader issues and may be interchangeable when deconstructed and reconceptualized. The micro and macro environment surrounding youth work are fundamental dichotomies in exploring youth workers and youth services. The micro environment considers the experience, structure and practice of youth work and the various issues such as professionalisation and diversity that affects or reconceptualizes this in any manner. The macro environment examines outside influences and their influence on youth workers and youth service provision. Throughout this research and examination of youth workers and youth services all issues, opportunities and challenged focused upon a relatively adaptable but clear concept highlighting the youth worker and youth service as playing a facilitative role in the assisting of the se lf actualisation and empowerment of young people, a concept and principle determined and unyielding, underpinning the diverse and flexible nature of youth work within Australia. References: Bessant, J., (1997) Free Market Economics and the New Direction for Youth Workers. Youth Studies Australia, 16 (2) 34-40. Bessant, J, and Sercombe, H, and Watts, R., (1998) Youth Studies: An Australian Perspective. South Melbourne: Addison Wesley Longman Australia Pty Limited. p235-239, p303-317. Bessant, J, and Webber, R., (2001) Policy and the Youth Sector: Youth Peaks and why we need them. Youth Studies Australia, 20 (1) 43-47. Maunders, D, and Broadbent, R., (1995) A Career in Youth Work? Youth Studies Australia, 14 (3) 20-25. O’Shea, P. (2005) Critique of Youth Policy and Practice. Lecture 3, 5, 6,8 10 [online]. Bankstown : University of Western Sydney. Available from: http://elearning.uws.edu.au/SCRIPT/400194_2005_aut/scripts/serve_home [Accessed 3 May 2005] Sercombe, H., (1997) The Youth Work Contract. Youth Studies Australia, 16 (4) 17-21 Sercombe, H., (2002) A (Draft) Code of Ethics for Youth Work, with Short Commentary [online] Sydney, Youth Action Policy Association. Available from: www.yapa.org.au/youthwork/ethicscode/draftcodewithcommentary.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2005] Stewart, H., (1998) Theorising Youth and Difference. Youth Studies Australia, 17 (2), 36-40. Bibliography: Banks, S., (1999) Ethical Issues in Youth Work. London : Routledge. Bourke, L., (2000) Youth Workers in Sydney: Doing a lot with a little. Youth Studies Australia, 19 (1) 38-43. Jeffs, T, and Smith, M., (1988) Welfare and Youth Work Practice. London: Macmillan Education. Sercombe, H., (1998) Power, Ethics and Youth Work. Youth Studies Australia, 17 (1) 18-23 Research Papers on Challenges Within Youth Services - Education EssayHip-Hop is ArtThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paperTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Otis Case Study Essay Example

Otis Case Study Essay Example Otis Case Study Paper Otis Case Study Paper Otis would have gone through a major restructure of several of Its service offices, because an IS was being built from the ground up. Information was now going to be traversing through a streamlined information channel, rather than layers of hierarchical structure. A lot of resources would have been invested in training employees about the new processes, and training managers about the added responsibilities and new information that was going to be available as a result of OUTSHINE. Any sort of organizational change experiences resistance from stakeholders in one form or the other. Toots employees might have resisted the change for a number of reasons. Fear of redundancy, added responsibility without any change in remuneration, lack of self-confidence in acquiring new skills required for the Job, lack of perspective as to why the change was being implemented, or imply too comfortable with the status quo, are some examples of the form of resistance that Otis might have had to overcome (Melcher, Rata, Bray Vane, 2012). Information Transformation Obvious noticed the change in the industry, and the way business was being done, Ana presented a violin Tort Otis: 10 Decode ten recognizes leader In service excellence among all companies-not Just elevator companies-worldwide. (McFarland Delayed, 2005). His aim was to create a paradigm shift within the organization from being a product manufacturing company to an excellent customer focused service provider. Due to regional and cultural variations within manufacturing, sales and supply-chain departments, he decided to streamline the department processes globally by using technology as an enabler. The organization went through a third- order change of transformation, whereby the existing IS was changed drastically. Its focus was shifted from managing production and physical assets to managing logistics and information, and this caused a systemic effect on all the other departments (McFarland Delayed, 2005; Piccolo, 2007). As a part of this transformation, departments were restructured and new process improvement orgasm were implemented on a global basis. Programs such as Standard Interface and Modular Based Architecture (SAMBA), Achieving Competitive Excellence (ACE), and Sales and Installation Process (SIP), were introduced in engineering, supply chain, and sales and field operations departments, respectively (McFarland Delayed, 2005). E*Logistics Project The most significant aspect of this IS transformation was the e*Logistics information transformation project (McFarland Delayed, 2005). It provided the tools, in the form of IT systems, which were required to re-engineer business processes across the many. The project involved merging separate IT initiatives that were under development within Otis, with the basic idea of connecting different departments of the organization through the Web. Giuliani Did Francesco was appointed the Project Director of e*Logistics, perhaps due to his experience working in quite a few departments of the company, or because he might have had a vested interest in the transformation (McFarland Delayed, 2005). Under his supervision, e*Logistics automated manual processes involved in different stages of product installation and maintenance, while simultaneously integrating the dispersed data and information on a global scale. Back-end Technologies The technologies behind the development of e*Logistics were based on standardized data interfaces, and they were owned and built by Otis itself. This means that the software solutions were designed to incorporate and adapt to existing technologies, rather than designing solutions with fresh technologies from square one (McFarland Delayed, 2005). The new business model and companys vision were instilled into Otis on a global scale. Senior management ensured that every employee, from top to OTTOMH, was on-board the change Otis was about to embark upon, and that employees were willing to adapt to the technological and organizational restructuring (Messier, Rata, Bray Vane, 2012). The company valued the role of its employees in successfully implementing this change, and therefore invested resources in familiarizing them with technologies. It was this tactic that enabled them to reap extraordinary benefits by using simple IT tools. Institutionalizing Changes Since the launch of e*Logistics, changes to sale orders became transparent across different levels of the sales cycle. SIP program was based on the idea of identifying best practices across different units of Otis, globally. During the project proposal phase, SIP recognized that a pre-bid checklist was an appropriate way of managing new clients. Elogistics anomie tons Day Introducing a steward solution, Instead AT paper based forms, which enforced a sign-off from both sales and field-installation supervisors(McFarland Delayed, 2005). This eliminated information inconsistency between the two units, and also helped in other aspects of this phase by retaining consistent information about customers and proposals. Upon acceptance of a proposal, the order would enter the next phase of sales processing. E*Logistics automated and institutionalized the new processes of this phase by electronically dispersing important documents amongst the managerial staff for bookings, validations and scheduling. Data was uploaded to different financial systems of the company, and as a result of these automated processes and clear visibility of sales orders, field-installation supervisors were able to better assess the readiness of a site, thereby reducing costs and excess inventory, while improving delivery times McFarland Delayed, 2005). To improve processes in the order fulfillment phase, Contract logistics centers (CLC) and distribution centers (Docs) were established to manage customer requirements, product configurations and supply chain management. Instead of faxing or mailing sales orders, e*Logistics provided a central software solution which connected CLC on a global level. As a result, CLC were able to place orders from different suppliers in a cost-effective and timely manner (McFarland Delayed, 2005). E*Logistics embedded new processes in the field installation phase as well, by sending reminder e-mails to field-installation supervisors, and demanding an update of the field sites prior to shipping the products. Orders were now processed and shipped Just-in-time, as per remote requests from the field-installation supervisors. These processes gave the supervisors a better control on the fiscal accomplishment of each sale (McFarland Delayed, 2005). E*Logistics also automated the process of billing customers and transitioning sales into service contracts, by prompting service agents to contact customers upon Job completion. This resulted in precise billing, increased conversion of new-unit sales to service contracts, and faster collections in the closing activities phase (McFarland Delayed, 2005). The above five phases highlight how e*Logistics baked new best-practice processes into the organization. Implementation In 2001, Ron Beaver became the Chief Information Officer (CIO) at Otis with 450 IT employees and 250 contractors reporting to him on a dotted-line basis. He was the leader of global IT with seven regional IT leaders reporting to him directly, who were responsible for their local systems and processes. 0 of the aforementioned staff were dedicated towards design and implementation of e*Logistics, and it was not deemed as a separate investment to all the other programs that were introduced for process improvements (McFarland Delayed, 2005). Rather, it was considered as an enabler to implement those programs successfully. As with any IS transformation project, there were a number of technological challenges involved in ensuring successful implementation of e*Logistics. Delivering the software to over 20,000 desktops across the organization, and training over 3000 staff in sales and field- operations worldwide, were a couple of such challenges faced by Otis (McFarland Delayed, 2005). Therefore, to minimize the associated risks, the project was rolled out at pilot sites across Europe. Its successful implementation at pilot sites aided in planning implementation in other regions, which were priorities based upon need Ana return on Investment (McFarland Delayed, 2 I en projects success was measured based on a number of metrics, such as number of orders processed through e*Logistics by each sales representative (McFarland Delayed, 2005). Conclusion The organization invested a lot of resources into streamlining its processes globally and shifting its focus from product flow to information flow.

Astronomy_xtra2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Astronomy_xtra2 - Essay Example â€Å"Beyond the Big Bang† is a must see video for beginning or advanced students. The concepts taken for granted today, like the planets revolving around the sun, gravity, and star compositions were unknown thousands of years ago. This led to the Greeks and Romans to create Gods out of the stars. Astrology was born out of the superstitious thoughts of events happening due to star and planet position. The Greeks and Romans could only view the sky with the naked eye. Without modern technologies or telescopes, the ancient world believed the Earth was the center of the universe. Copernicus, Keppler, and Galileo built upon each other’s work. Despite religious interference, the sun was proven to be the center of the universe. However, Galileo’s attempt to interpret the Biblical passage to fit his theories caused his downfall. From the beginning religious dogma interfered with astronomy and science. Although the telescope was proving Church doctrine wrong, Galileo was silenced due to Church belief. It is amazing how humans wanted to stay ignorant in the name of faith. Gravity was proven by Newton. This helped prove how planets revolve around the Earth. Gravity holds our universe together. Newton’s formula for gravity and mathematics has built the study of physics. The science and mathematical merger of physics helped future scientists create new theories. Einstein built upon Newton’s theories. The idea of a finite universe scared Einstein, who wanted an infinite universe. After studying gravity, Einstein came to the conclusion the universe did have a beginning. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity was arrived by shear thought. He was an intelligent man that could think out experiments in his head. Einstein figured out that the universe was expanding or contracting. Despite his reservations, Einstein proved that the universe was moving away. Einstein could not have imagined that his research would prove the

Objectivism and Collectivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Objectivism and Collectivism - Essay Example This has brought about the two philosophies of collectivism and objectivism which can be said to be direct opposites of one another when it comes to the beliefs and practices they promote (Mayhew 56). They do however also maintain a few similarities in certain aspects as well and it is by comparing and contrasting that one is able to identify both the differences and similarities that objectivism and collectivism bring to the table in the discussion of a life well lived. One platform that exhibits both these philosophies clearly is in the book (Mayhew 26) Anthem written by author Ayn Rand in the year 1937 though it was published a year later. In this book the author manages to depict the two philosophies in various scenarios and through various characters within the story that can help one compare the two. It is suggested as a matter of fact that Ayn Rand was the individual who came up with the philosophy of Objectivism so it is no surprise that it is displayed phenomenally in this p iece of literature (Mayhew 154). Objectivism refers to a philosophy that advocates that the purpose of an individual’s life is the discovery of their own happiness and thus morality is achieved in the respect of one’s individual’s rights. Objectivism promotes putting one’s self interest ahead of the pack and the author Ayn Rand describes it as "a philosophy for living on earth" that defines human and worldly nature and thus can be said is established in reality (Mayhew 235).

Company report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Company report - Research Paper Example One of those companies is Facebook. This is a company that was conceived in a Harvard dorm room but whose services are available almost everywhere and therefore we affects the lives of multiple people. The founder was a young student, Mark Zuckerberg. Facebook today has become the industry leader along Twitter and other companies. They are more commonly referred to as social media. Their power seems to have no bounds too. Its initial aims were to connect multiple numbers of people over the internet. Those aims have largely been fulfilled today since Facebook has around a billion users around the world. Such a huge number undoubtedly poses huge potential for the company. The company recently became a publicly listed company amidst tension that such a move was bound to fail. The critics say that Facebook has to explore alternative revenue streams like advertising, precisely the sort of thing the users abhor. This leaves the company in a sort of dilemma. In the course of writing this company report, I shall analyze this company from different viewpoints. The first is from its performance in the markets. This is usually a reliable indicator for the sort of direction in which a company is headed. The main advantage of the markets is that they respond simultaneously when anything important involving the company happens. Another yardstick shall be marketing. This is usually the be all and end all as far as some companies are concerned. We shall look at the role that advertising has played in this company. The third yardstick shall be the financial position of the company. We shall explore whether the company is self sustaining. Finally we shall look at the important matter of strategy and planning. Which mix of the two has the company employed and how successful has it been. After a long period of anticipation and speculation, this company finally went public on the week of 29th January 2012. Facebook’s offering to the public also doubled up as

Seizure meds(Advanced pharmacology) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seizure meds(Advanced pharmacology) - Assignment Example Carbamazepine is absorbed into the small intestines after oral administration rapidly and reliably. Both agents have dose-limited absorption. Referring to the pharmacodynamics, Gabapentin has analgesic properties that are considered therapeutic. Carbamazepine decreases the conductivity of Na+ also inhibits the ectopic discharges and thus alleviates pain. In terms of metabolism, in humans the two drugs undergo metabolism corresponding to N-Methyl metabol though minimally. The drugs do not have interactions with other drugs as they undergo minimal metabolism (Bennet & Simpsons, 2004). Comparison studies for efficacy have been carried out and research conducted shows that Gabapentin is more suited for use as it has clearly shown analgesic effects. This is based on studies conducted and its effects exhibited. The two drugs are used to manage neuropathic pain as the effects of neuropathic pain on the nervous system present same similarities with the pathophysiological phenomena that are observed in convulsing diseases such as epilepsy and therefore anticonvulsant medication is administered in the management of neuropathic pain (Bennet & Simpsons,

Discuss critically the main successes and failures of Tony Blair's New Essay - 1

Discuss critically the main successes and failures of Tony Blair's New Labour governments 1997-2007 - Essay Example He advocated for equal rights and equal opportunities for the citizens enhancing cohesion in the respective states. He was recognized for his work by different politicians for instance Margaret Thatcher the first Prime Minister referred to him as a great inventor for the great impact he had made in the labour party. He brought out his issues in controversial basis. History recognizes him as the most radical and boldest leader in British politics. The essay discusses in details the main successes and failures of Tony Blair. Primarily Tony Blair achievements are evident especially in the Labour Party. He fought for the rights of the citizens especially on the basis of income and their working conditions. In the 1960s, the National Minimum wage was raised to ?5.52. This was because of the charismatic nature of Tony. He made sure that poverty levels reduced and the economic life sustained on prosperity basis. History recognizes him as a peacemaker for instance, he stopped the genocide th at was happening in Kosovo and also ended the violence that impacted negatively in Northern Ireland (Faucher & Le 2010, p. 10). His reforms brought a great impact in Britain. For instance, during his leadership as a prime minister the crime rates reduced by 32 per cent. In addition, the funding for the pupils in England doubled. Because of Tony Blair’s effort, Britain was modernized especially on the bases of economic development. During his leadership, economic growth was sustained for almost ten years. Different programmes came in to fund the economy of the country. All the expanding programmes were funded by the big corporation because of the stability of the government that was evident in the state. Taxes were distributed equally among the members of the community. Tony also facilitated the expansion of the public sector in comparison to the private sectors hence creating job opportunities in the government institutions. Different politicians came in to support the boomin g economy of Britain especially in the area of schools, public safety and hospitals. He embraced Margaret Thatcher’s idea of free market policies to enhance the development of the economy (Davis 2013, p. 26). He is also recognized for being able to keep peace especially in Northern Ireland. He advocated for a strong Europe economy. This is because he knew that, the economy was important to enhance the growth of the country. His introduction of the red tape procedures enhanced the administration of the economic sector. In 1999, he staged out a strategy on the international community doctrine, which happened in Chicago. In his strategy, Tony advocated for the development of the economy. He gave emphases on the development of public policies. Public policies were based on health care (Gauld 2009, p. 26). He advocated for the development of the society specifically on the economic bases. Different corporations supported the growth of the economy by investing directly to the econo my. Through the leadership of Tony, funds were allocated for the development of the economy. Because of his charismatic nature, they the funds were allocated in different projects for instance in the building of schools. The labour party under the leadership of Tony has had different achievements in different sectors of the economy. During his leadership the economy of the country improved by the sustaining low inflation on the part of the government (Page 2007, p. 120).

Seizure meds(Advanced pharmacology) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seizure meds(Advanced pharmacology) - Assignment Example Carbamazepine is absorbed into the small intestines after oral administration rapidly and reliably. Both agents have dose-limited absorption. Referring to the pharmacodynamics, Gabapentin has analgesic properties that are considered therapeutic. Carbamazepine decreases the conductivity of Na+ also inhibits the ectopic discharges and thus alleviates pain. In terms of metabolism, in humans the two drugs undergo metabolism corresponding to N-Methyl metabol though minimally. The drugs do not have interactions with other drugs as they undergo minimal metabolism (Bennet & Simpsons, 2004). Comparison studies for efficacy have been carried out and research conducted shows that Gabapentin is more suited for use as it has clearly shown analgesic effects. This is based on studies conducted and its effects exhibited. The two drugs are used to manage neuropathic pain as the effects of neuropathic pain on the nervous system present same similarities with the pathophysiological phenomena that are observed in convulsing diseases such as epilepsy and therefore anticonvulsant medication is administered in the management of neuropathic pain (Bennet & Simpsons,

How stakeholder theory linked with Corporate social resoponisiblty IN Essay - 1

How stakeholder theory linked with Corporate social resoponisiblty IN TESCO - Essay Example Tesco is an organization that is the marketing agent and forms part of the stakeholders’ theory. It is related with CSR in that it is included in the annual reports given to CEOs and it defines the terms and policies of the firm for the purpose of integrity of the firm (Louche, Idowu and Leal Filho, 2010) Investors on the other hand give the capital to the company and also get ready market for the products and services. Each of these groups has a big role to play in the business cooperate. Hence there is need for a health co existence with these groups with the business. Blattberg who is a philosopher argues that stakeholder theory assumes the interests of stakeholders but a compromise can be made on these groups upon close considerations (Simpson & Taylor, 2013). Louche, C., Idowu, S. O., & Leal Filho, W. (2010).  Innovative CSR from risk management to value creation. Sheffield, UK, Greenleaf.

North America Essay Example for Free

North America Essay North America is a very unique region because of the cultural, population, and environmental differences from other regions. North America’s climates and vegetation are diverse, mainly because of the regions size. The drier climates are found from west Texas to Alberta. The soils of this region are fertile. Prairie vegetation dominated by tall grasslands in the East. Western North American climates and vegetation are complicated by the regions mountain ranges. North America climates include everything from tropical Savanna, to Tundra environments. Most of the region’s best farmland and densest settlements lay in the mild or continental multitude climate zones. Metropolitan areas struggle with outdated clean water supply system. From all the consumption of water many places are threatened by water shortage. Scientist believes that all the wells will be dry bye two thousand and twenty from all the pumping. Prices are becoming higher because of the demand of water. Also, North America is being exposed to not enough clean water. Because of the water pollution that is being exposed everyday it causes citizens to get sick. North America’s greatest environmental disaster was in two thousand and ten when the deep Horizon rig had an explosion of leaking oil in the Gulf of Mexico. This spill damaged the sea and bird life therefore, new restrictions on deepwater oil was imposed shortly after so the disaster does not happen again. Also air pollution and Global Warming. The cities closer to the south such as Houston, Los Angeles, Canada, Toronto and Hamilton experience the worse air pollution. The main problems are automobiles because they release Carbon Monoxide, Sulfur, Nitrogen Oxide, and Hydrocarbons. All of these gasses are poisons to the human body because we humans only breathe Oxygen. Also since there are such poisons being released into the air, scientist has proved that the cancer rates are higher because of this pollution. The cancer rates were five hundred times higher than rural clean air localities. Air pollution causes a severe case of Global Warming. Changes in arctic temperature sea ice and sea level have increased because of Global Warming. The Climate change has become so bad that the climate refugees were forced to move in a variety of vulnerable environmental settings. Global warming has come from multiple directions, threatening their economic viability and cultural survival. The Population of North America varies from Canada to the United States. The Population for Canada is thirty four point one million and the United States population is three hundred and nine point six million. North America’s population also varies from the different cities, but overall the population today is three hundred and forty million people. Migration plays a big role in the role in the region’s population. About twelve percent of the U.S population moved to a different residence. The main reason why migration rates have fallen is because there have been fewer job opportunities, inability to sale real estate and increase in periods of more rapid economic growth. in the North Americans mostly preferred to live in the westward part of North America because there was more value to life on the west side. The fastest growing states are in the westward part also such as Arizona, Nevada, Alberta and British Columbia. African Americans were mostly stuck in the south after the Civil war, but after noticing the labor in agricultural. It started to decline, they saw a better growing opportunity in the North and west side. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, Los Angeles and Oakland became the key destination for Southern Blacks. Today Seventy five percent of North American population is Urban. North America is expressed geographically in two different ways. First, similar people congregate near one another and derive meaning from the territories they occupy in common. Second, their culture, the everyday landscape, and language. Overall about twenty three percent of Canadians are French but more than eighty percent of the population of Quebec speaks French. Canadians strengthened the French language by requiring French instructions in the schools. Another different kind of culture language is the Hispanics who spoke Spanish. About forty five million Hispanics now live in the United States with more than half in California, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona combined. Latin foods and music add internal cultural variety to the region. New York City, Chicago and Miami serve as key points of Hispanic cultural influence. African Americans also have cultural homelands. Any of the south areas are considered home to the black African Americans. Such as Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. The kinds of music black folks engage in are mostly spiritual such as Gospel, and the Blues. Another homeland in the South is Acadian, a Cajun culture in southwestern Louisiana. This homeland was created when French settlers were expelled from eastern Canada and relocated to Louisiana. Millions of North Americans are affiliated with traditional religions. Orthodox Christians congregate in the Urban Northeast where many Greek, Russian and Serbian Orthodox communities were established. The telltale domes of Ukrainian Orthodox churches still dot the Canadian praires of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Also More than seven million Jews live in North America to this very day. The nation of Islam also has a strong Urban orientation, reflecting its appeal to many economically dispossessed African Americans. Many other Muslims, Buddhists, and Hindus also live int the United States. The United States also have a lot of Islam’s, Buddhist and Hindus While only about eight percent of people in the Unites States classify themselves as nonbelievers, a recent survey showed that thirty percent of the population claimed to have a largely secular lifestyle in which religion was rarely practiced. In a parallel fashion U.S culture has forever changed the lives of billions of people beyond the region. Although the economic and military power ot the United States was notable by the nineteen hundreds, It was not until after world war two that the countrys popular culture reshaped global human geographies in fundamental ways. The Marshal Plan and the Peace corps initiatives exemplified the growing presence of the United States on the worlds stage even as Europe, Colonialism wande. Rapid improvement and Global transportation and information technologies, much of them engineered in the United States, also brought the world more surely under the regions spell. Perhaps most critical was the marriage between growing Global demand for consumers, goods and the rise of the multinational corporation, which was Superbly structured to meet a cultivate those needs. These are the differences of North America from any other region.

The History Of Aussie Pet Mobile Marketing Essay

The History Of Aussie Pet Mobile Marketing Essay Aussie Pet Mobile offers driving come to home grooming services for pets, providing the expert loving pet care that the same as the owners would provide. Our target customers are toward the pets owners especially for those who are singles with one or more pets or both working full time parents with poor time availability. Aussie Pet Mobile supplies different kinds of pet grooming services for releasing people from dull housework in washing pets. The pet care industry has seen growing tendency over the last ten years throughout Australia. Although the pets owners are below in the average of national, the density of pets is still visible in Canberra. Based on the target market segmentations, the analysis indicates that the pets owners are willing to spent money in the pets care services as they treated their pets as family members. The environment in mobile pet grooming industry is being regulated strictly by environmental and legal factors. While there are currently 11 companies providing mobile pet grooming services in ACT, only three of them are oligopoly to provide expert services. Compared with other major competitors, providing expert services in affordable price is the promise of Aussie Pet Mobile. To better compete in the fierce environment, the situation about SWOT and competitors analysis will be given by identifying the position of APM business. The recommendation based on 4P analysis suggests plan to assist APM in obtaining brand equity and market share. Then the recommended survival chain plan will be provided to assist the APM business in customer profitability, employee productivity, and internal and leadership audit. 1. Introduction In nowadays, the trend in raising pets has significant increased due to the rapid changes in peoples lifestyle. The subdivision in pet care industry has become more and more important according to the tendency. This is a decartelisation industry that derived value to pet owners to obtain market share, not only for the direct consumption such as foods, treats and accessories, but also related with pet care services like grooming, training and dog hotel and so on. To distinguish with traditional pets grooming salon, a new style which through appointment and coming direct to the home services has been launched. It is undeniable that with the changing in the technology, globalisation has provided various opportunities for this emerging industry. However, the potential problems will be exposed in the practice. The marketing report will evaluate on the environmental and situational impacts, and target market will be pointed out. Based on those analyses, the recommendation for the Aussie Pe t Mobile will be illustrated in terms of product, price, promotion and place. 2. Objectives The objectives are settling out based on the corporate, and marketing factors. For corporate perspectives, Aussie Pet Mobile has commenced on the successful marketing strategy and participates in the leadership in the industry. It aims in provide great value to all customers, and developing uniqueness and differentiate services to the public. On the other hand, for the perspective of marketing strategy, APM has positioned four goals in different aspects to gain competitive advantages. To recover into financial recession, it aims to achieve mutual practice on cost-efficient and differentiation strategy and becoming the best choice of Canberra within 2 years. To break even to cover all costs requires more profits that including vehicle costs, wages, direct materials and overhead costs. To encourage employee productivity and control costs in the manner of workers in obtaining business production efficiency in the social aspects. On the personal perspective, the managing on the customers relationships and brand image can support the process in generating revenue. Lastly, in maximising the using eco-friendly and nature materials and water saving will lead to implement sustainable development for the business. 3. Company Description Aussie Pet Mobile was formed in 1996 in Australia, and further expanded into global headquarters in the America in 1999 (Aussie Pet Mobile 2013). It regarded as the top brand in driving to home pet grooming services in the worldwide. The later on in introducing the franchise operations have become the most important strategy in developing their business scale. And the franchise chain is growing rapidly and currently faces totally over 400 territories serviced everyday through eight countries. They are continuously reinvented themselves to the evolution of pet grooming services to achieve customers satisfaction. They are commitment to the quality, flexible and loving care services to pets, and also to provide convenient to pets owners. 4. Environment Analysis 4.1 Economic environment According to Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012), the unemployment rate of ACT was 3.4%, and down from 4% in the previous year whereas lower than 5.2% of the national rate in 2012. Moreover, the average weekly earnings of Canberra are steadily increased up to 1,554.5 while the average rate in this state was 1,333.5 in the last year (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012). Those data would indicate that the people in ACT have surplus on it budget to afford pet services. In the Australia, people are most enjoyed in spending substantial amount of money on pet care as they treated pets like their family members. Since there is a stronger signal in Canberra economy, the survival possibility for new business like pet service will be feasible. Referred to the evaluation of Headey (cited in Australian Companion Animal Council n.d.), the annual contribution of pet industry is around $4.74 Billion which becomes one of the largest industries in Australia. Overall, the mobile pet grooming indu stry is a fast growing industry that has great opportunity to expand in its best interest. Social Environment In many ways, pets have been treated more like love substitutes where children are undertaken in modern industrial society. Particularly, pets could be trained in a kindly way which is easier to love and helping owners to become sociality and more adequate tailored new lifestyle (Nast 2006). From physical activity perspective, pets become a kind of social support when they are owners exercising. A recent study reported that 31% of women who has no pets or job were less likely walk for exercising their bodies (Bell et.al. cited in Cutt 2006). The regular exercise is now playing a key role in a health life and prevention from illness. In targeting of Middle age adults, a national campaign in Australia is aimed to achieve small walking exercise everyday in order to make people involving in social marketing and social cognitive (Booth et.al. 2011). Indeed, walking with dogs could bring more attention, and can encourage communications between people. As advocates of making pets included i n the factors of social capital and community, pet owners will engage in green living by taking care their pets. Environmental analysis For the mobile pet grooming business, the most potential problem could be polluting. According to the Environment Protection Act 1997 and the Environment Protection Regulation 2005, this kind of business must strict complying with the regulation to avoid potential liability or fines (Environment and Sustainable Development 2012). The operator should consider how it might impact on the environment, such as water, land or air. Also, the noise pollution when you are working should be taken into account. For the water using to wash pets, there is limited amount to use, and avoid wastewater to flow into stormwater system. Ensure no spilling of chemicals or detergents to pollute stormwater, and the maintenance of machines should be regularly checked. The rubbish such as fur, nails and other wastes should be collected into general garbage and disposed it to participate in the environmentally friendly action everywhere you working. 4.4 Technological environment The technological environment is the most important part to support mobile pets grooming service. In relation with the working, the portable pets washing area as opposed to the fixed location should have enough space and well equipped to assist grooming service. Furthermore, to better competitive in this industry area, an improvement on water saving or recycling technology should be designed to help this business to survival, such as speciality shower heads or changing washing times. Also, the development of internet in head office must be appropriate built for the purpose of database design and customers feedback receiving. The benefits are easy to track employees work, build customers profile, and response to claims, which might further assist in creating brand image. As for a mobile pet grooming business, the calling system of direct interaction between customers should be well built as the core technology of company. 4.5 Legal environment The responsibility of pets grooming services is set up by Australian Welfare Code of Practice, and such standards in aim of providing protections during pets mobile services. Animal Welfare Act 1992, Animal Welfare Regulation 2001, Domestic Animals Act 2000, Domestic Animals Regulation 2001, and Animal Disease Act 2005 are aim to enforce these legislation in Canberra (Urban Policy Analysts and Town Planners 2006). These regulations have been put in place to monitor from the time of transferring custody rights of pets, and until it return to the pets owner. Also, there is the need of registration of vehicle and trailer for the vehicle that using in mobile pets grooming. From protection environment view, as I concluded in above, there is an offence to pollute stormwater system, and the Environment Protection Authority will manage the noise pollution while they received complaints (Environment and Sustainable Development 2012). Political environment The Australia Government do have policies to protect small business development. It aims in providing fair competitive environment for new growing business, and the regulations will guide small business in respect of their businesses operating, such as workplace health and safety, workplace relations, financial and other professional services and so on (COSBOA 2013). 5. Situation Analysis 5. 1 SWOT Analysis 5.1.1 S-Strengths Mobile pet grooming services can offer great value to pet owners. Firstly, customers can obtain exclusive time value from Aussie Pet Mobile. Since it is directly come to the home services which conveniently benefit for customers saving time. Secondly, as the services can come to the home of customers, it offers place value to them. Compared with the other retail stores, the advantage of flexible place can provides customers to release from shuttling between two places. Thirdly, customers can gain form value through services including grooming, bathing, nail-clipping, ear and dental care and so on. Moreover, because of it is an Australian wide franchise store, the quality of product or services has a warranty to customers and the company has capacity to provide superior services. Lastly, they have follow-up customer services which enable enquiry and feedback to reduce cognitive dissonance ( ). 5.1.2 W-Weaknesses There are many factors which might exposes problems in practice. Many people, against pet mobile services, are willing to wash their own pets to save money. To some extent, there is a majority of customers doing by themselves unless the need of trimming. The weakness relates with facilities and profession skills also harmful to business success. As pet mobile services need to rely heavily on vehicle use, this will lead on extra cost like petro, vehicle and registration and insurance. The possibility will be created in enhancing the price of services as those values adding cost happened. Besides, the requirement of qualifications and training on staff is essential to survival in the pet grooming industry. As the process directly contacts with pets, the knowledge of breed, behaviour, and health issues are required by the groomer. 5.1.3 O-Opportunities For Aussie Pet Mobile, there are some factors that can be improved to strengthen its services. As there is a large amount of pet owners in Canberra, the trend for pet grooming services will quickly grow. Especially for dog, it is the most adequate pets to washing and grooming, AMG can provide benefits to the busy dog owners and the communities they are part of. The improving on the washing facilities can assist in the effectiveness on pets grooming and saving water. Using media resources to promote in public influences can help in obtaining market shares and awareness. Although it is a franchise company with scale, the influence in the Canberra area still need more efforts. Also, to build its brand image and good reputation, excellent and professional services can create great opportunity for AMGs business. 5.1.4 T-Threats The negative impact will be carried out in internal and external environment. First of all, there are lots of different sizes pet services existed in the market, not only for mobile pet grooming services, but also various local dog washing venues. Indeed, as it is simply to set up, new competitors may easily enter in the market. Mobility can provides the lowest cost on build new mobile pet grooming business due to there is no requirement on the permanent shop. Furthermore, the external environment, which is economic recession, might encourage customers to wash pets by themselves to save money other than waste it in unnecessary ways. 5.2 Competitive analysis 5.2.1 Competitive advantage The Aussie Pet Mobile can gain competitive advantages in its marketing strategy. Firstly, the positioning strategy requires it providing outstanding services in affordable prices. 5.2.2 Competitors analysis The market of mobile pet grooming in Canberra is highly concentration competitive environment. The oligopoly occupied by three businesses in ACT area which are HydroDog (Blue wheelers), Aussie Pooch Mobile, Jims Dog Wash and Jams Dog Wash. In addition, there are listing 11 competing mobile suppliers in Yellow Pages (2013). The market in Canberra is volatility as there are new players continuously entered in. The potential threat could be some small family-based businesses, such as Sparkling Paws Mobile, occupied the market share quickly in specific region. For Sparkling Paws, it provides cost-efficient services in lowest prices. As it is family based, it normally uses home to operate business, and it can easily built relationship with neighbours. However, on the other hand, with respect of business size where small businesses may hardly survival in expanding their business strategy in short term. According to below positioning map of major competitors, it can be seem that HydroDog and James Dog Wash provide high standard services which also results in high price charging. Especilly for HydroDog, where renamed as Blue Wheelers, it aims in developing expert in modern technologies, products and new areas of customer service. The unique blue dog mobile salon is equipped with top of the range grooming and washing facilities such as air conditioning, specialist washing treatment and so on (Blue Wheelers 2013). While Aussie Pooch Mobile is rated second satisfaction in the Top Franchise Awards of level of initial investment less than $50,000 (Franchise Survey 2009), it is the number one dog wash and grooming professionals in the Australia and in the world (Aussie Pooch Mobile 2013). The operators in Aussie Pooch Mobile are specialist in pets stylish and massaging, and the services are in affordable price. 6. Target Market Segmentation 6.1 Geographic The population of dogs in Australia has increased significantly to 3.41 million whereas the cat population was 2.35 million in 2009. With the growing tendency in population of Canberra, the number of people has increased to 367,800 in 2011, which represents 15% growth rate compared with ten years ago(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012). A survey conducted in 1993 (Revill 1994) that the estimation of the dog population in ACT has reached 36,000, and the number of amount will become extremely considerable at nowadays. Examine on behaviour of raising pets is considered their pet as part of the family and further indication in willing to cost money in their pet (RSPCA, 2005). The largest suburb population in Canberra is distributed in Belconnen area, and followed by Tuggeranong with 90,700, 89,300 respectively (ACT Chief Ministers Department 2010). This information makes it clear that there is more possibility to promote mobile pet grooming service in those areas. Since Belconnen is th e town centre of Canberra, of those people who leaves in there might pursue more convenient services for available releasing themselves from fast lifestyle, as well as taking care of pets. As Aussie Pet Mobile is a drive in service which could be directly in front of customers door, the distribution requirement has very less limitation on this company. However, there might be more demand in the large population of suburbs. Demographic There are several aspects to support people in raising pets. The more important aspect is financial capacity to sustain the expenditure on pets, as the cost varies from food, care, to veterinary services. According to the analysis above, the average earnings of Canberrans are beyond the national rate which indicates they owned substantial money to afford pets services. For the different group of people, household with young kid, in which is aged bellowing 5, were less possible to keep pets compared with those families who have children in school age. The trend grows consistently with the age of child, and with three-quarters of families raised pets where the aged of their child among 10-14 years old (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012). The married couples with dependents have the largest proportion to own pets in all household types whilst lone parents were the second percentage with 49% and 41.1% respectively, and typically women are the major carers of the pet (RSPCA 2005). For those people who have pet, they could be identified as the potential customers for Aussie mobile pet grooming service especially for married women and lone parents who also need work and taking care about family and pets. Psychographics The influence of social class could be affected by three aspects: income, occupation, and education level (Perner 2012). As pet grooming services from Aussie Pet Mobile grooming are not cheap, with starting $55 per dog to $90 and the price varying depends on the size of pets. As for occupation of pets owners, the impact might depends on the how many available times are pets owners having, as well as income. For a busy worker, he or she might focus plenty of time on work to gain more personal values and salaries, but less time to look after pets. In other words, of those who have to constant to work, they are more likely to seek for mobile pets grooming services. Since there is a positive relationship between occupation and income, the regular worker will have less time but enough money to consume in Aussie Pet Mobile. Also, the impacts of income are obviously important in relation with purchasing pet grooming services. In a nutshell, the middle and upper class have more chance to uti lize the services. For the people who are attracted packaging more important than quality, such as aspirer, and have social awareness and respect value of time and curious about new thing like reformer, will be the majority group in consuming mobile grooming services. Behavioural For the time poor pets owners, also recognised as regular user, they are more likely to take repetitive purchases and heavily relied on the mobile grooming services. These group of people involve full time singles who own one or two more pets, both working parents with pets, and active no child couples who both have full time works, and enjoy in the social activities other than trifling chores. For example, they are tired with washing pets by themselves. After these groups are aware of coming front pets grooming services, and have experience in it, they might continuously use this services as it free them from consuming and limitation of time. Secondly, there might be some occasional users that potentially purchased mobile grooming services. For example, on special events, some local vets might wish to keep up with demand, and utilised their service referred to Aussie Pet Mobile services via discount deals. Also, some customers might curious about coming-to-home pets grooming service s and want to have a try, or they are busy at some specific time. In a word, there are two types customers to use Aussie Pet Mobile services, one is constant users who are lack of time to wash pets, and the other one is occasional users that are potentially demanded on services. 7. The Marketing Mix 7.1 Product Recommendation The Aussie Pet Mobile provides variety of services to customers including washing, clipping, teeth brushing, and puppy cuts and so on. It developed 15 Steps of grooming for all breeds of dogs and cats. The process includes cleaning the ears and the eyes and clipping the nails. The full brush is doing before and after the bath. In the shower, they use completely eco-friendly and nature shampoo and conditioner and double rinse after that. They will do trimming of the paws and feathers if you required. They will treat pets tasty food after a little fragrance. However, the services that APM provided are similar compared with other mobile pet grooming business. To better differentiate itself, the expansion on the services is vital for the long-term development. The designed services towards different group of pets that is important to differentiate it from all kinds of pet grooming business not only for the mobile grooming services. The designed services can be carried out in terms of different types of pets, but also develop it into all area. For example, the 15 Steps grooming services are mainly toward to dogs in terms of its physical characteristics. However, the services in treating cats should be carefully evaluated as it is not friendly pets to strangers. The designed services should be aimed in making cats more comfortable and ease in line with its physical and behaviour features. Also, providing different classes of services can gain more loyalty customers. The alternatives of choices in services will lead in the changing on the expectations from customers (Wells Foxall 2013). For instance, rich customers might look for the expert services whereas normal customers expected affordable price in suitable performance. The other area se rvices could be developing on consulting working, guarding and training to pets. The consulting and training services can contribute on the promoting their expertise in branding. 7.2 Price Recommendation The price decisions are always the most important component in the companys marketing strategy. Also, it cannot be ignore that reasonable price, continue with product quality, are the two ingredients in balancing marketing mix (Magrath 1986). The price of Aussie Pet Mobile is determined by service driven factors. There is a difference between small and large pets with the range from $55 to $90 depend on the weight (Aussie Pet Mobile 2013). Considering with services that APM provided, it is included driving come to home, 15 steps processing on the pets. The costs might invisibly absorb profits as there are some non-value adding activities. Price variables, including retail price, bargaining purchase, allowances, creditability, influence the testing of acquisition value by customers (Atamin et al. 2010). To maximise it pricing power, the cost leadership and differentiation strategy should be mutually used to compete with the other businesses. For the cost leadership strategy, the measurement of cost drivers is essential. There are many factors which might result in cost adding. For example, the driving come to home services will lead to cost on petrol. However, the suggestion would be to better arrange the operators in bustling region. As for an operator, the charge of business in only Belconnen area is more efficient than rushing on the road between Tuggeranong and Belconnen. Also, once the business targeted on 15 steps services, the evaluation on the repetitive activities should be carried out. Since there are two brush and two rinse activities included (Aussie Pet Mobile 2013), the usage of water and shampoo and cond itioner will be increased. The control on the consumptions of first time will lead more cost-efficiently not only for water saving, but also for retrench on direct materials. The differentiation strategy is based on the assumption of setting different classes of services. Then the value-based pricing could be implemented in high class services as it is the perception value (Kotler et.al. 2013) that high level pets owners expected. 7.3 Promotion Recommendation According to Atamin et.al. (2010), it stated that promotion is increasing the satisfaction of the objectives and influence the perceptions of target consumers to facilitate exchange within customers and company; also it contributes in effectively and efficiently communicating the decisions of business strategy. The general approach is through the using of television, radio, and printed advertisements in the geographic areas to hold the likelihood of repeat purchase. Especially in the downtown centre of Belconnen and Tuggeranong, the degree of publicity in public area for Aussie Pet Mobile, should be extremely enhanced in busy hours at the weekends. For example, increasing repetitive advertising on TV in shopping centre or famous restaurant in lunch time could strengths the memories of APM in relative with lower advertisement costs in whole day. The highly repetitive advertisement in specific times will increase the informing indication to customers (Quester et.al. 2011). Also, the customer promotion tools can be used to help APM gaining more market share (Kolter et.al. 2013). In some large occasions, such as public holiday, APM can send operators to bustling area in volunteer washing pets, and also hand out redeemable coupons and discount offers. The designed vehicle of APM could be the best spotlight to attract customers attentions because of it is the vital services operating tool, and it is the first thing showed up in customers mind rather than groomers. Besides, the trade promotion tool can also be implemented. Since the group buying activities are in growing tendency, APM can offer some allowanced discount in great value through internet marketing. Also, for the business to business purpose, Aussie Pet Mobile grooming can integrate their services to local vets or dog hotels during the busy periods. These services can keep up with demand and on the basis of promotion deals. 7.4 Place Recommendation Atamin et.al. (2010) said that the place are related with channels of distributions that delivering the product to the target consumers. However, because of pets groomer are directly toward customers to supply services, there is no distribution channel or through middle man sales. As it is free from place limitation, Aussie Pet Mobile may obtain place flexibility due to its particular types of business form. The shifting places will provide a mobile billboard advertisement for this business. To make sure of telephone number and website are on the appearance of van to promote business in everywhere. On the other hand, to build long term relationships with customers, the necessity of setting head office in local area is important. The function of this office is to manage consulting and job arrangement. And further in expanding their business provides a series of exclusive pet care work such as looking after pets when owners are away, and training pets to achieve sustainable development . 8. Overall Recommendation Aussie Pet Mobile is the largest franchise mobile pet grooming in the world (Franchise Help 2004). However, it is a stranger in the market of ACT. To increase brand equity, APM needs to focus on generating awareness quickly and differentiation. In order to obtain market share and brand loyalty, the survival chain should be audited based on the development. There are three factors that need to be attention. Firstly, the profitability and growth drivers are derived from customer loyalty. The action is on increasing brand-building media weight by participating more advertisement campaign. Television is recommended for the ability to draw massive attention. To use free social media might be a slow way to promote its brand, such as Facebook and Twitter, but still an appropriate way to run. Online marketing is an effective way to reach all kinds of customers, such as involving in the group buying sellers to offer discount package of services. Moreover, making some actions are toward target users through segmentation targeting. For the time poor regular workers, they might have less time on surf online to access discount information, so the information posters could be deliver to the mail box. For married women who have pets, the using of word of mouth can be developed in asking them to invite friends in consuming services and receive discount on their purchase. As women are the major carer of pets, they always consider about the value in using services. Secondly, the value derives from employee productivity can directly assist in achieving cost-efficient purpose. The efficiency and effectiveness is about how much resources being used in achieving organisation goals (Hupper Ishikawa 2005). A high performance employee will contribute to reduce costs as he or she has more productivity with respect of time range and direct materials costs. Lastly, a leadership and internal quality control underlies the survival chain success. The study on the market research and feasibility to seek suggestion from publics will help Aussie Pet Mobile easily entering into the market. With the brand audit, approachable suggestions and complaints from customers will help the business to track the problems. It demands to design on the website to provide a space to share experiences, such frequent asked questions, and blog builders incorporation. The voices from employees, including complaints and feedback, can directly influence the quality in services as it is the power of internal audit. 9. Budget To implement survival chain plan, associate costs should be taken into consideration. The typical costs are covered in advertisement on TV, negotiating deals with group buying, the printing cost of posters, labour cost, research and development such as questionnaires and information system design like website. According to Franchise Survey (2009), it stated that the initial investment of Aussie Pooch Mobile in capital is AU$25,000 $50,000, the estimated weekly turnover is $1154 whereas the estimated weekly marketing costs are $40. We can assume that the business scale is similar with Aussie Pooch Mobile, so the cost model is still same as their structure. However, although there is an economic inflation in nowadays, there will be slight increase in the weekly revenues as Aussie Pet Mobile is not charge in premium prices on the services whereas there will be great increasing on the costs. The result will be minimizing on the APMs profits. Obviously, the cost leadership strategy shoul d continuously implement throughout the businesss operation. 10. Conclusion In conclusion, the report mainly demonstrates the environmental factors influencing on Auss