Follow That Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Follow That Dream - Essay Example The article â€Å"Free to innovate† by Christine Canabou illustrates how one company, the Fallon, experienced substantial changes in its life after being purchased by the global advertising giant Publicis Group SA. Notwithstanding its chairman fears for the employees to be left their â€Å"home† because it was sold out, the company made all possible to prove that its soul was not going to change. And the company showed that by creating a manifesto that called for breakthrough ideas, such as â€Å"to unlock the entrepreneurial hostages within the agency†. New ideas were transformed into a full-blown company initiative- a â€Å"Dream Catchers† that gave employees license to be a little selfish and make their dreams come true sooner. One year after the initiative was launched, hundred staffers achieved their dreams (visited museums, ran with bulls etc.). The acquisition was as a strategic move the target of which was to help to achieve ambitious goals that th e company could not probably achieve on its own. Today Fallon  is a full-service advertising agency with the headquarter in Minneapolis with numerous awards and open marketing boundaries, intranet  with the same companys quirky humor, full-fledged division of interactive consulting group and redesigned  flagship office that brought a new way of working and grouping people. The article shows the overall positive picture of the acquisition and does not show any pitfalls that usually happen within the organization. The acquisition is about a change and it is obvious that the Fallon agency had certain changes in the top team. New arrivals and changes in the administrative efficiencies could not stay unnoticed by the staffers. While top teams work closely on key areas in order to improve them, the other areas may be left inactive. While acquisition offers the possibility for entering new markets and expand the company with its portfolio, some cultural issues may cause problems

Religious participation and religious organisations Essay Example for Free

Religious participation and religious organisations Essay While it is difficult to know precisely whether or not religious beliefs differ in relation to males and females, it is evident that religious practice and participation does show relatively clear gender differences. This is true across all forms of religious organisation. Almost two-thirds of churchgoers are women. However, as with social factors like class and age, it is clear that there is no overall pattern of male / female religious attendance, since there are evident differences between denominations. For example: For the Anglican Church, the male to female ratio is approximately half and half. For all Christian churches the male female ratio is approximately twenty to eighty percent. While women are more likely than men to be involved in religious organisations, it is relatively clear that, in hierarchical terms, men tend to dominate the most significant positions in any religious organisation. This tends to hold true across the majority of the worlds major religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. In most religions, women tend to be portrayed in terms of their traditional social characteristics. The Virgin Mary in Christian religion is a good example here. Although a powerful figure as the Mother of Christ, her power, is ideological rather than political, the virtues of purity, chastity, motherhood and so forth are personified through her as ideals for womanhood. In relation to non-Christian religions, Giddens Sociology notes: Females appear as important figures in the teachings of some Buddhist ordersbut on the whole Buddhism, like Christianity, is an overwhelmingly male-created institution dominated by a patriarchal power structure in which the feminine is most closely associated with the secular, powerless, profane and imperfect.. An obvious example drawn from Christianity might be Mankinds expulsion from the Garden of Eden, the result of female duplicity. According to the book of Genesis, God first created man. Woman was not only  an afterthought, but an amenity. For close on two thousand years this Holy Scripture was believed to justify her subordination and explain her inferiority for even as a copy she was not a very good copy, there were differences. She was not one of his best efforts. While women, as has been noted above, feature strongly in both religious participation and, to a certain extent, imagery, it is evident that there has tended to be a very marked inequality between males and females in terms of positions of power and authority within religious organisations. Although some sects have allowed women to preach and teach, the majority of the worlds major religions have tended to relegate women to relatively minor roles in their organisation. In relation to Christianity, the decision, in November 1992 by the Church of England to ordain women as priests is a significant development to note. This decision was not taken lightly and has lead to a great deal of conflict within the Church. While the Church of England has traditionally been more liberal regarding the position of women within its organisation, the Roman Catholic Church has resisted pressure to ordain women, tending to fall back upon the argument that to do so would be blasphemous. Christ ordained twelve disciples, none of whom were women, therefore, women should not be allowed to be ordained. Once again, within a wide variety of sects, women tend, in the main, not to feature in the highly at the top of organisational hierarchies, although there are exceptions to this general rule. The diversity of sects perhaps makes it difficult to generalise about participation along gender lines. However, given that women tend to become involved in all types of religious activity with greater frequency than men, there is little reason to suppose that, in broad terms, sect membership does not conform to this norm. If it is difficult to estimate the numbers involved with New Age cults, it is doubly difficult to estimate with any degree of certainty the ration of male to female involvement. The private sphere of cult activity relates to traditional forms of gender roles for women, motherhood, the home, and child  rearing. New Age philosophy contrasts the concept of Nature unfavourably with a modern technological world, which tends to be characterised as masculine. Historically, where concepts of Nature have been employed, the role of women has tended to be seen in terms of their essential femininity; that is, as naturally different creatures to males, more attuned to the supposed natural rhythms of life and so forth. Thus, within New Age cults, women tend to be afforded a much higher status than men in terms of the various philosophies on which these cults are based, which is one reason that explains higher female involvement.

Rate of Reaction and Yield Conversion | Experiment

Rate of Reaction and Yield Conversion | Experiment At the outset, the objective of this experiment is to scrutinize the rate of reaction and the yield conversion. And the foremost principal that should be applied in order to determine both rate of reaction and yield conversion is material balance for batch reactions. As the experiment go on, students are supposed to perceive the factors catering the yield, rate of reaction and also the conversion. According to the hypothesis of the experiment, with the increment of ethyl acetate (reactant) from 0.1M to 0.2M the rate of reaction should gradually increase, leading to an augmentation of the rate of reaction as well as the conversion of sodium acetate from sodium hydroxide. Secondly, the theories that students must be acquainted with is, batch reaction, conversion, rate of reaction, conductivity yield and saponification. Saponification is an essential theory that drive the whole experiment, as it function by hydrolyzing an ester, forming a acidic salt and alcohol. With the absence of the pertinent knowledge of saponification, the experiment will not be successful. Thirdly, the modus operandi of the experiment, it comprises of 3 focal steps, preparation of reactant, experimental arrangement and procedure to be carried out during experiment. Students are to be particularly vigilant during the experiment, as reactant given, contain some perilous substances that are detrimental to human body. Subsequently, with the use of two different concentration of acetyl acetate during the experiment, the result and calculation of yield and rate of reaction could be analyzed. The result tabularize based on the two different concentration should show a vast divergence. The 0.2M of ethyl acetate should possess a higher yield and rate of reaction according to the hypothesis of the experiment. Before proceeding to the conclusion, students are supposed to go through some discussion on the experiment. The points to be discussed are namely preventative measure and the factors affecting the rate of reaction. As a final point, the conclusion, it concludes whether the hypothesis of the experiment corresponds with the actual experiment performed. Tentatively the conclusion should support the hypothesis of the experiment, which is, as the concentration of ethyl acetate increases, the rate of reaction and conversion also increases. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) Material balance with chemical reaction 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Over the years, heaps of researches have been done to capitalize on the yield, conversion and increase the rate of reaction. These three factors are the point in which have close connection with the profit of the company. By increasing the yield it means more production generate with a standard amount of reactant used. As for rate of reaction, rationally, the faster the rate of reaction the greater the production rate within a certain period. During the experiment, batch process is employed as a medium for chemical reaction between sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate to take place. The reaction produces sodium acetate and ethanol every thirty minutes, recording was taken every one minutes to note down the conductivity values. The whole process of obtaining the product from sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate, consist of batch process, closed system, law of conversion and also saponification reaction. Batch process, is a process when a fixed charge of raw material is introduced and the products withdrawn before the cycle repeat. A closed system is a system where no material crosses the system boundary. As for The Law of Conservation of Energy it states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change its form. Lastly For unsteady state process, it means, not all of the conditions in the process remain constant with time or the flows in and out of the system can vary with time. 1.2 Aim The aim of this experiment on material balance with chemical reaction is to allow students to employ the principle of material balance with chemical reaction for batch reaction by determining the yield, conversion and reaction rate. The purpose is to allow students to understand the change of reaction, when the concentrated NaoH react with ethyl acetate in a reactor as time passes by. With the knowledge of it, we will then be able to understand the saponification reaction of NaoH with ethyl acetate solution. 1.3 Hypothesis The hypothesis of the experiment is that during the Saponification reaction between NaOH and Ethyl acetate solution in the reactor, the concentration of NaOH would decrease due to the number of NaOH molecules being used for the reaction to produce sodium acetate. Furthermore, by increasing the concentration of ethyl acetate, the rate of reaction will also be increased 2. Theory 2.1 Introduction of Theory The role of the theory below is to give a more detailed explanations on saponification, batch process, conversion, yield, rate of reaction and conductivity, so that is can allow students to have a better perception on the experiment. 2.2 Batch Process Batch process is a process in which a fixed charge of raw material is introduced and the product is withdrawn before the cycle repeat. During the experiment, batch process is employed, as reactants are put in to the system for thirty minutes for reaction to take place. After which products are withdrawn and the apparatus used are sluice before another batch of reactant are introduced again. Owing to the change in concentration and production of new product, the reaction is categories under unsteady state. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2.3 Saponification Saponification is defined as a process where ester is hydrolyzed, forming an acid salt and an alcohol. For this experiment, students are suppose to apply the knowledge they acquired on saponification and react ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide and to produce sodium acetate and ethanol as the product of the reaction. Sodium acetate is form due to the displacement reaction which occurred during the overall reaction. The hydrogen in ester is displaced by the sodium ion in the sodium hydroxide, thus forming an acid salt; sodium acetate. The reaction is irreversible, hence once the product is formed, it cannot be re reacted to form the initial state of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. However, reaction could be accelerated with the use of a strong acid (concentrated sulphuric acid) as the catalyst of the reaction. (Richard Hamner, Green Mountain Soap Company 2006) 2.4 Conversion Conversion is a technique, when a feed is converted to products. The term conversion can also be defined mathematically as percentage conversion. Percentage conversion is derived by dividing; moles of key reactant that react, with mole of feed introduced and multiply it with 100%. A 100% conversion is not likely to occur in the lab, this is due to the restrain of mechanism, which deprived the ideal conversion to transpire. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2.5 Yield There are copious definitions for yield. The three generally prevalent definitions are yield based on feed, yield based on the reactant consumed and lastly yield based on the theoretical consumption of the limiting reactant. These three definitions are usually employed by chemical engineering industrial to guesstimate the yield of the products. Yield based on feed are exemplify to be; amount of desired product obtained, divided by amount of key reactant (limiting reactant fed). As for yield based on the reactant consumed, it is depict as; amount of desired products obtained, divided by amount of the key reactant consumed. Lastly as for yield based on the theoretical consumption of the limiting reactant; it is elucidate as; amount of product obtained, divided by the theoretical amount of products that would be obtained based on the limiting reactant if limiting reactant react completely. The usage of the formula varies from the given information. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2.6 Rate of Reaction Rate of reaction is the speed of the overall reaction; it can be affected by temperature, conductivity, pressure, concentration surface area, and also catalyst. 2.6.1 Temperature Temperature will radically affect the rate of reaction. The collision of particles is determined by the energy a particle possessed. With a higher temperature, it will cater the particles to have a higher energy, hence increase the effectiveness of collision, and eventually resulting to a faster rate of reaction (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.2 Pressure Pressure is defined as a condition of being compress. The increase of pressure will cater to a faster rate of reaction as the areas the particle have are smaller after compression. This therefore causes particle of be closely packet together which result to a higher frequency of collision between gaseous molecules. However, the increase of pressure is only applicable for gaseous molecules, as liquid and solid cannot be compressed (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.3 Concentration Increases of concentration mean that the presences of particles in a specific volume have increased. While the volume/ space remained constant, the quantity of the particles increases, these instigate the frequency of collision to be higher, and also enhancing in the effectiveness of collision. This effect on particles collision will encourage a faster rate of reaction during the reaction (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.4 Surface Area to Volume Ratio The bigger the size of the particles, the smaller the surface area for collision of particles, whereas, when the particles sizes are reduced, the chances of particles colliding in to each other will be higher. This is due to the increases in surface area of particles with it size are being reduce. Rate of reaction will therefore increases as frequency of collision increased (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.5 Presence of Catalyst Catalyst is defined as a substance that is capable of reducing the activation energy of particles without itself taking part in the reaction. Therefore with the presence of a catalyst, particles will have a higher energy than the activation energy. These will lead to a higher frequency of collision and also the much more effective collision. Rate of reaction will gradually increases with more collision taking place (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.7 Conductivity The conductivity values of sodium hydroxide is tantamount to the conductivity values of the solution, as the conductivity values of other reactants such as ethyl acetate, sodium hydroxide and ethanol are inconsequential. With the conductivity values of the solution ascertained, the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the reacting mixture can then be determined. The rate on how fast concentration of sodium hydroxide is depleting can that be easily achieved, by tabulating a graph (Copyright 2009 Russell Mainstream Supply Ltd) 3. Procedure 3.1 Preparation of Starting Reactant Before beginning with the experiment, students should go through and understand the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. The understanding of the data sheet is imperative as, without apposite understanding on the chemical used, perilous hazard might occur. The procedure on handling and disposal of chemical must be habituated before the beginning of the experiment. Students are handling with highly acidic concentrated reactant, therefore, disposable glove and chemical goggles should be putted on at all time during the experiment. 500mL of 0.01M of sodium hydroxide solution and 500mL of 0.01M ethyl acetate was the concentration needed to be prepared for this experiment. 500mL of 0.01M sodium hydroxide are suppose to be prepared, to do so, measuring cylinder was used to measure the required volume of 0.01M NaOH and poured in to a 500mL volumetric flask. De ionized water is poured in to the 500mL mark on the volumetric flask for dilution purposes. To ensure a fine dilution, flask should be covered with stopper and shake to ensure solution properly mixed. Preparation of 500mL of ethyl acetate solution was done by pouring 250mL of de ionized water into a 500mL volumetric flask, followed by measuring the stock solution using a micropipettor and dispenses it to the 500mL volumetric flask. Top up solution up to 500mL mark, and cover it with a stopper and shake the solution to ensure solution is well mixed. Experimental Setup Conductivity meter 1-litre reaction beaker Magnetic stirring device Conductivity probe Reacting mixture Retort stand Procedure During Experiment As the preparation of the sodium hydroxide solution is completed, solution is poured in to the reactor with the reaction conditions adjusted to predetermined level. The reaction conditions are directly related to the overall reactions; hence the recording of the condition is essential. Examples of the condition are, temperature, stirring speed, concentration and volume of reactions. Before the stirring process inaugurate, ensure that the conductivity meter probe is positioned into the reacting mixture and a stopwatch is ready for timing purposes. Ethyl acetate is to be poured in to the reactor, and recording should start immediately. While the solution is being stirred in the reactors, conductivity values are recorded at a regular interval of one minute for thirty minutes. After thirty minutes, reactor is stopped and a magnetic rod is used, to remove the magnetic stir bar in the reactor. The conductivity probe is then withdrawn and sluiced scrupulously with de ionized water. As for t he product, it is being disposed into a plastic waste container. The experiment is to be repeated based on the experimental methodology discussed with lecturer. However, to ensure consistency of the experiment, all glassware is to be rinsed. Once all the experiment is accomplished, all the equipments should be properly cleaned and chemical used are to be disposed in to the plastic waste container. Finally waste will be send to W314 for proper treatment before discarding and glassware used should be placed back to original location. Result and Calculation 4.2 Determination of the Yield of Sodium Acetate Determination of the yield of sodium acetate is associated with the concentration of sodium hydroxide. In tandem with the given information on the concentration of sodium hydroxide, the molar ratio employed can be dexterously deciphered. From here, calculation to verify the yield can be facilely obtained by using the mole, which is calculated using the molar ratio of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. Finally, utilize the formula of yield calculation and the determination of the yield of sodium acetate can be anatomized. 4.3 Yield and Rate of Conversion of 0.01M Ethyl Acetate Solution for 15 Minutes. Concentration of sodium hydroxide at one minute interval NaOH + CH3COOC2H5 à   C2H5OH + CH3COONa Theoretical Mole of NaOH = 0.01 X 0.5L = 0.005 mol Actual Mole of NaOH = 0.00156 X 0.5L = 0.00078mol Number of moles reacted = 0.005 0.00078 = 0.00422mol Conversion of NaOH= 0.00422/0.005 X 100% = 84.4% Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00078 Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00078/0.005 =0.156 4.4 Yield and Rate of Conversion of 0.02M Ethyl Acetate Solution for 15 Minutes Figure 4.4.2. Graph showing concentration of sodium hydroxide against time (0.02M of ethyl acetate used) NaOH + CH3COOC2H5 à   C2H5OH + CH3COONa Set 2 Theoretical mole of NaOH = 0.02 X 0.5L = 0.01 mol Actual mole of NaOH = 0.0017 X 0.5L = 0.00085mol Number of moles reacted = 0.01 0.00085 = 0.00915mol Conversion of NaOH= 0.00915/0.01 X 100% = 91.5% Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00085 Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00085/0.01 =0.085 4.5 Rate of Reaction of 0.01M of Ethyl Acetate Graph 4.5.1. Shows the rate of reaction of sodium hydroxide when 0.01M of ethyl acetate was added. Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00265-0.0012 à · 20 1 = 0.0000763 (From the graph) 4.6 Rate of Reaction of 0.02M of Ethyl Acetate Graph 4.6.1.Shows the rate of reaction of sodium hydroxide when 0.02M of ethyl acetate was added. Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00275 0.00125 à · 20 1 = 0.0000789 (From the graph) 5. Discussion 5.1 Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction As indicated above, there are numerous factors that are capable of affecting the rate of reaction however; the only applicable one is the differences in concentration as the rest (temperature and pressure) are kept constant. Based on the experiment did, as the volume and concentration increases, the rate of reaction also increases, this is   by virtue of the presence of more particles in the solution, hence increasing the chances of particles colliding to each other, which eventually result in an increase in the rate of reaction. Below is a graph to further elaborate on the explanation on the difference in concentration. The judgment on the rate of reaction is based on the steepness of the graph. As shown, the black line which contains 0.02M of ethyl acetate has a slower rate of reaction as compared to the one in red which is 0.01M of ethyl acetate. This repudiated the hypothesis of this experiment. The dialectics of this contradiction is, there might be source of contaminant on apparatus or solution used. 5.2 Factors Affecting Conversion and Yield The ideal rate of conversion and yield will never be actualize under school environment or even in industries. As, in school students are using eye sight as a gauge for the experiment which indubitably cause error due to parallax error, as for industries, despite being able to afford high cost machines and computer, the cunctation between human and machines will cause an slight differ on the rate of conversion and yield. 5.3 Factors Affecting Conductivity Values As mention on the theory section, the conductivity values of ethyl acetate are imperceptible; therefore the conductivity rate of sodium hydroxide is employed instead. During the experiment, 2 different concentration of ethyl acetate was used. The first set of experiment, we used a concentration of 0.01M. It produces a constant decreasing rate at every one minute interval. This shows that while the moles of sodium hydroxide are depleting, conductivity value to decreases too. As for the second set of experiment, the same things occurred but at a same rate as the first set of the experiment. This contravene the theory, as suppositionally, the increases in concentration to 0.02M will cause the moles of sodium hydroxide to deplete at a faster rate, which result to a faster decreasing rate for conductivity. Again, the dialectics of this contradiction is, there might be source of contaminant on apparatus or solution used. 5.4 Precaution in Experiment As we all know, ethyl acetate are very volatile, it release harmful gas when it is expose to the environments. Therefore, adding of ethyl acetate into the volume metric flask must be carried out in the fume hood to prevent students from inhaling gases produced from ethyl acetate, which is harmful to human body. In addition, safety goggles and rubber gloves should be worn at all times during the experiment. This help to prevent students from having direct contact with the acid which might cause skin irritation of temporary loss of vision. 5.5 Comparison of Two Different Tests As two different concentrations were employed during the experiments, the result on yield and conversion rate will be different. 5.5.1 Comparison of the Yield of Two Different Tests Upon completion of experiments, the differences in yield were realised. The yield of 0.01M ethyl acetate was 0.156 and the yield of 0.02M ethyl acetate is 0.085. Theoretically, due to the increment in concentration, the yield of 0.02M of ethyl acetate should be higher as, since more reactants is used; it will rightfully result in more products being formed. However, as mention above, there might be chances of the reactants or apparatus used being contaminated, which result in the huge differences between the yields. 5.5.2 Comparison of the Conversion Rate The conversion rate of 0.01M of ethyl acetate was 84.4% and the conversion rate of 0.02M of ethyl acetate was 91.5%. The result shown was excellent, as high conversion rate will mean that, majority of the reactant was fully utilized, hence saving cost. 6. Conclusion Based on experiment, I can construe that the higher the concentration of ethyl acetate, it will result to a much faster rate of reaction, and a higher rate of conversion. The conductivity value is interred related and proportioned to the concentration of sodium hydroxide. Therefore, since observation and hypothesis are similar, the hypothesis is true. The aim of the experiment are also fulfilled, as scrutiny of the experiment have verify that, while the concentration of ethyl acetate got higher, the rate of reaction and rate of conversion increases. In addition, adding of catalyst or increasing surrounding temperature could also result in a faster rate of reaction which tantamount to an increment in rate of conversion.

Synthesis of a Potential Enzyme Inhibitor

Synthesis of a Potential Enzyme Inhibitor Delaram Salehifard Aim Synthesis and characterisation of Benzocaine. Introduction The Fischer esterification of 4-amino benzoic acid is catalysed by an acid is fully reversible. Method: 3g of 4-aminobenzoic acid was weighed out and placed into a dry 100cm3 round bottom flask (ensuring no residues are left inside the joint). 20 cm3 of methylated spirits was measured out and added to the 4-aminobenzoic acid in the round bottom flask. 3 cm3 of concentrated Sulfuric acid was measured out and added to the round bottom flask mixture (ensuring no residues are left on the joint), a condenser was fit onto the round bottom flask and the mixture was gently swirled. Using a heating mantle, the mixture was heated and upon boiling; refluxed for 30 minutes. At the end of reflux, the heat source was removed and the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Upon cooling, the mixture was gently stirred using a glass stirring rod and Sodium hydroxide solution (20%) was slowly added to the mixture until a neutral pH was attained. The mixture was allowed to stand for 5 minutes before the contents were poured into a beaker containing approximately 70 cm3 of ice, the reaction vessels was rinsed with distilled water and the washings were transferred into the beaker to reach an approximate volume of 150cm3. The product was filtered using a Buchner funnel (washed with some cold water) ensuring that the moisture is completely sucked out. The product was then transferred onto a watch glass and dried in an oven at a temperature no greater than 60oC. The dry mass was then noted and the product submitted for analysis. Steps1-10 were repeated using Isopropyl alcohol instead of Methylated spirits and the melting point for the product was attained. Mechanism of action Step one portrays the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen on 4-aminobenzoic acid where the Sulphuric acid acts as the H+ donor (the regeneration of this proton would establish the Sulphuric acid as a catalyst). This proton transfer results in a delocalisation of positive charge which gives rise to the presence of the three resonance structures portrayed in â€Å"step 1- resonance†. Of these three structures, the middle structure (where the positive charge is localised onto the carbon atom) allows for the esterification to proceed as its partial positive charge allows Nucleophilic attack by the Oxygen atom on Methanol; as seen in step two. Following this nucleophilic attack, a protonation and de-protonation occurs (which has a net effect of proton transfer) thus leading to the formation of a water molecule on the carbon atom which cleaves off in the hydrolysis in step 3. This hydrolysis results in a delocalisation of positive charge which gives rise to the presence of the three resonance structures portrayed in â€Å"step 4- resonance†. Of these structures, the middle structure where the positive charge is localised onto the carbon atom allows for a de-protonation to occur as the Hydrogen atom donates its electrons to the positive carbon thus neutralising the carbon and forming a double bond. This de-protonation also results in the regeneration of the Sulphuric acid proton which protonated the reactant in step 1 thus establishing Results Week one percentage yield: Mass of reactant: 3g Mass of product obtained: 2.38g RMM reactant: 137 RMM product: 165 Reactant/product moles: 0.022 Theoretical yield= 3.62g % Yield = (Actual yield / theoretical yield) * 100 = 65.75% Week two percentage yield: Mass of reactant: 3g Mass of product obtained: 2.79g RMM reactant: 137 RMM product: 179 Reactant/product moles: 0.022 Theoretical yield= 3.92 % Yield = (Actual yield / theoretical yield) * 100 = 71.18% Melting point: Experimental product 1MP: 85.9-88.4oC Literature product 1MP: 88-90oC Experimental product 2 MP: 83.5-84.1oC Literature product 2 MP: 84oC H NMR 4-amino benzoic acid Benzocaine 13CNMR 4-amino benzoic acid Benzocaine DEPT-135 4-amino benzoic acid Benzocaine Analysis The melting points for both products were average reading from three attempts and are reasonably within the literature range. This can be attributed to accurate measurements, clean utensils (thus avoiding impurities) and sufficient drying. At roughly 66% and 71% the percentage yields for products one and two respectively are reasonably low. This may be due to a number of problems such as, incomplete transfer of reactant into the reaction vessel, not transferring all of the reaction vessel washings for filtering, incorrect filtering technique where some product was allowed to pass through instead of being retained e.g. filtering too fast or incomplete transfer of the product from the filter paper after filtration. With reference to the HNMR tables, I have deduced corresponding H atom based on integration, splitting and chemical shift. The chemical shift of an atom depends on the extent of shielding it has, for example a H atom attached to an Oxygen (e.g. H atom number 6 on 4-amino benzoic acid) has less shielding due to the Oxygen atoms’ electronegativity whereas a H atom attached to a C atom has more shielding as carbon is not electronegative and in the case of H atoms number 2 and 3, they are also surrounded by other atoms which give them some shielding. I found locating H atoms 2 and 3 particularly tricky as their quintet splitting pattern and integration of 3 where very misleading however their chemical shift reaffirmed their identity as it is relatively to the left thus indicating a fair amount of shielding. With reference to the 13CNMR tables I was able to deduce the corresponding Carbon atoms based on two properties, chemical shift and peak height. The chemical shift (in accordance to the level of shielding/position of the C atoms) allowed me to locate peaks for carbonyl carbons (Carbon number 7 in both reactant and product) and more shielded carbon aand the height/integration of the peaks which corresponds to the number hydrogen atoms attached to the C atom in question. With reference to the DEPT-135 tables I was able to distinguish the difference between the C atoms in accordance with the different number of H attached to each C atom. This technique portrays CH and CH3 atoms as positively phased and CH2 atoms negatively phased. For atoms with the same phasing, I used the chemical shift ( as with 13 CNMR ) to distinguish between the C atoms in question. In this esterification, the product was maintained in a pH of 7-8. This was done in order to prevent a nucleophilic attack from hydroxide ions which would hydrolyse the product which and reverse the esterification thus converting the product back into the reactant. Rf values can be used to deduce the polarity of a molecule, where a low Rf value can indicate a polar molecule. This is based on how the molecule interacts with the mobile and stationary phases. For example; a low Rf value is a result of the molecule interacting with the polar stationary phase/silica and not travelling very far up the plate allowing us to deduce that its polar. Based on this theory and the fact that polarity increases with RMM; a larger molecule would be more polar and thus have a lower Rf. I would therefore predict that Isopropyl 4-Aminobenzoate would have a lower Rf value than Benzocaine due to its larger RMM making it more polar than Benzocaine. References UNCP. (2014). CNMR spectroscopy. Available: http://www2.uncp.edu/home/mcclurem/courses/chm550/nmr_lec4.pdf. Last accessed 06/03/2014.Chemspider. (2014).4-Aminobenzoic acid.Available: http://www.chemspider.com/953. Last accessed 06/03/2014. Chemspider. (2014).benzocaine.Available: http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.13854242.html?rid=752b9fda-5ccb-49f3-bf93-47ceb79356b4. Last accessed 06/03/2014. Jim Clark. (2002).THE MECHANISM FOR THE ACID CATALYSED HYDROLYSIS OF ESTERS.Available: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/catalysis/hydrolyse.html#top. Last accessed 06/03/2014. Chemspider. (2014).4 aminobenzoic acid.Available: http://www.chemspider.com/953. Last accessed 06/03/2014. Chemspider. (2014).Isopropyl 4-Aminobenzoate.Available: http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.78903.html. Last accessed 07/03/2014.

Animal Usage is Needed to Benefit the Human Race Essay -- Argumentativ

Animal Usage is Needed to Benefit the Human Race In today's world, one could split our country into two groups. One is those who are for animal rights in every aspect, and the other is those who are not. Those who are for animals' rights are commonly labeled "Vegans" by people of the opposing viewpoint, and sometimes even by their own. These people may belong to certain organizations such as PETA, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, or ALF, the Animal Liberation Front. These people commonly believe that animals should have every right that a human has. Animal Rights Activists generally think that people don't have the right to eat, own, hunt, or use animals in any way, or for any reason. This would mean people who eat meat on a daily basis would just be out of luck. This would mean no person would be allowed to own any animal for work on ranches or farms, for companionship, or for any other reason. This would mean all guides and hunters would have no business. This would mean no person could use any animal part for clothin g. This would also mean that more than half of the medicines and medical advances that we enjoy and live as a result of today would never have been discovered, and we would not be making progress on what we are in the medical field. The other people, those who are not, believe that animals should be handled with care and taken care of, but don't believe animals should have every right that humans do. One of the reasons that vegans don't believe we should eat animals is because we don't have the right to eat them. They believe that those animals have the same exact rights that humans have. The animals feel pain and have the exact same feelings that human beings do. What these people don't realize ... ... using their companionship to always have that best friend that will never let us down. Animal rights have gone far enough. There are laws to protect these animals. There doesn't need to be laws that perish our natural instincts and pastimes. Works Cited Bender, David L. "Animal Testing" Biomedical Ethics: Opposing Viewpoints. 1987. Minnesota, Greenhaven. Bender, David "Animal Testing" Biomedical Ethics: Opposing Viewpoints. 1994. California, Greenhaven. Doughney, Michael T. "People Eating Tasty Animals" People Eating Tasty Animals. 9 Dec. 2001. (http://www.mtd.com/tasty/). Envirolink Network "Animal Concerns: Pros and Cons" Animal Concerns.1999. (http://express. Netforchange.com/egi.bin/WebX.fcgi?13@@.ee6bbal). Guest Choice Network "Moore Lies From Eco-Extremists" Nanny Headlines. 6 Dec. 2001 (http://Nanny_headlines@burst.sparklist.com).

Ferdinand Magellan :: essays research papers

Ferdinand Magellan was bornabout 1480 in Sabrosa of a noble Portuguese family. His parents, who were members of nobility, died when he was about10 years old. At the age of 12, Magellan became a page to Queen Leanor at the royal court. Such a position commonly served as a means of education for sons of the Portuguese nobility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the court, Magellan learned about the voyages of such explorers as Christopher Columbus of Italy and Vasco da Gama of Portugal. He also learned the fundamentalsof navigation. In 1496, Magellan was promoted to rank of squire and became a clerk in the marine department. There, he helped outfit ships for trade along the west coast of Arfica.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magellan first went into sea in 1505, when he sailed to India with the fleet of Francisco Almeida, Portugal’s first ruler to that country. In 1506, Magellan went on an expedition sent by Almeida to the east coast of Africa to strengthen Portuguese bases there. The next year, he returned to India, where he participated in trade and in several naval battles against Turkish fleets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1509, Magellan sailed with a Portuguese fleet to Malaka, a commercial center in what is now Malaysia. The Malays attacked the Portuguese who went to shore, and Magellan helped rescue his comrades. In 1511, he took part in an expedition that conquered Malaka. After this victory, a Portuguese fleet sailed farther to the Spice Islands which were called the Molucca Islands. Portugal claimed the islands at this time. Magellan’s close personal friend Francisco Serraro went along on the voyage to the Spice Islands and wrote to Magellan, describing the route and the island of Ternate. Serrao’s letters helped establish in Magellan’s mind the location of the Spice Islands, which later became the destination of his great voyage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magellan returned to Portugal in1513. He then joined a military expedition to Morocco. On this expedition, Magellan would suffer a wound that would make him limp for the rest of his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After returning to Portugal from Morocco, Magellan sought the support of King Manuel 1 for a voyage to the Spice Islands. The best maps available had convinced Magellan that he could reach the Spice Islands by sailing south of South America. Magellan beleived such a route would be shorter than the eastward voyage around the southern tip of Africa and across the Indian Ocean. However, Manuel disliked Magellan and refused to support the proposed voyage.

Juanita Plateros Chees Daughter: Characters Environment Reveals A Gr

Juanita Platero's "Chee's Daughter": Character's Environment Reveals A Great Deal About Personality A characters environment reveals a great deal about his personality. In Chee's Daughter by Juanita Platero and Siyowin Miller this theory is displayed. In this story a young Navajo Indian girl is taken from her home by her deceased mother's parents. Two different environments which reflect values and personalities are conflicting. A young traditional Navajo,Chee , and a non- traditional Navajo businessman, Old Man Fat , fight over Chee's daughter, Little One. The two distinctly different settings in this story reflect the personalities of the protagonist,Chee , and the antagonist Old Man Fat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chee's setting reflects his caring nature. He shows this by caring for the la...